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[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]][[Image:Venus de Milo Louvre Ma399 n4.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Venus de Milo]] on display at the  [[Louvre]]]]

[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]][[Image:Venus de Milo Louvre Ma399 n4.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Venus de Milo]] on display at the  [[Louvre]]]]

'''Art history''' is the [[academic]] study of objects of [[art]] in their [[historical]] development and stylistic contexts, i.e. [[genre]], [[design]], [[format]], and [[look]]. "[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=art%20history Art History]". WordNet Search - 3.0, princeton.edu Moreover, ''art history'' generally is the [[research]] of [[artist]]s and their cultural and social contributions.[http://www.mobilemuseumofart.com/education/Connections.pdf]

'''Art history''' is the [[academic]] study of objects of [[art]] in their [[historical]] development and stylistic contexts, i.e. [[genre]], [[design]], [[format]], and [[look]]. "[https://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=art%20history Art History]". WordNet Search - 3.0, princeton.edu Moreover, ''art history'' generally is the [[research]] of [[artist]]s and their cultural and social contributions.[https://www.mobilemuseumofart.com/education/Connections.pdf]

As a term, ''Art history'' (also ''history of art'') encompasses several methods of studying the [[visual arts]]; in common usage referring to the study of works of art and architecture. The definition is, however, wide-ranging, with aspects of the discipline overlapping upon [[art criticism]] and [[art theory]]. [[Ernst Gombrich]] observed that "the field of art history [is] much like [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s [[Gaul]], divided in three parts inhabited by three different, though not necessarily hostile tribes: (i) the connoisseurs, (ii) the critics, and (iii) the academic art historians".<ref>Ernst Gombrich (1996). ''The Essential Gombrich'', p. 7. London: Phaidon Press</ref> Works of art criticism and of art theory frequently have been the pivots upon which the understanding of art history has turned.

As a term, ''Art history'' (also ''history of art'') encompasses several methods of studying the [[visual arts]]; in common usage referring to the study of works of art and architecture. The definition is, however, wide-ranging, with aspects of the discipline overlapping upon [[art criticism]] and [[art theory]]. [[Ernst Gombrich]] observed that "the field of art history [is] much like [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s [[Gaul]], divided in three parts inhabited by three different, though not necessarily hostile tribes: (i) the connoisseurs, (ii) the critics, and (iii) the academic art historians".<ref>Ernst Gombrich (1996). ''The Essential Gombrich'', p. 7. London: Phaidon Press</ref> Works of art criticism and of art theory frequently have been the pivots upon which the understanding of art history has turned.

==Prominent critical art historians ==

==Prominent critical art historians ==

Since Heinrich Wolfflin's time, art history has embraced [[social history]] by using critical approaches.  The goal of these approaches is to show how art interacts with power structures in society.  The first critical approach that art historians used was Marxism.  Marxist art history attempted to show how art was tied to specific classes, how images contain information about the economy, and how images can make the status quo seem natural ([[ideology]]). [[Clement Greenberg]] came to prominence during the late 1930s with his essay ''[[Avant-Garde and Kitsch]]'', first published in the journal [[Partisan Review]] 1939.<ref>[[Clement Greenberg]], ''Art and Culture,'' Beacon Press, 1961</ref> In the essay Greenberg claimed that the [[avant-garde]] arose in order to defend [[aesthetic]] standards from the decline of [[taste (aesthetics)|taste]] involved in [[consumerism|consumer society]], and seeing kitsch and art as opposites. Greenberg further claimed that [[avant-garde]] and [[Modernism|Modernist]] art was a means to resist the leveling of culture produced by [[capitalist]] [[propaganda]]. Greenberg appropriated the German word '[[kitsch]]' to describe this consumerism, though its [[connotation]]s have since changed to a more affirmative notion of left-over materials of capitalist culture. Greenberg was often referred to as a [[Marxist]] [[art critic]] / [[art historian]]. While Greenberg is primarily thought of as a [[formalist]] [[art critic]] many of his most important essays are crucial to the understanding of [[Modern art]] history, and the history of [[Modernism]].<ref>[http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/postmodernism.html Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism], seventh paragraph of the essay. URL accessed on June 15, 2006</ref>

Since Heinrich Wolfflin's time, art history has embraced [[social history]] by using critical approaches.  The goal of these approaches is to show how art interacts with power structures in society.  The first critical approach that art historians used was Marxism.  Marxist art history attempted to show how art was tied to specific classes, how images contain information about the economy, and how images can make the status quo seem natural ([[ideology]]). [[Clement Greenberg]] came to prominence during the late 1930s with his essay ''[[Avant-Garde and Kitsch]]'', first published in the journal [[Partisan Review]] 1939.<ref>[[Clement Greenberg]], ''Art and Culture,'' Beacon Press, 1961</ref> In the essay Greenberg claimed that the [[avant-garde]] arose in order to defend [[aesthetic]] standards from the decline of [[taste (aesthetics)|taste]] involved in [[consumerism|consumer society]], and seeing kitsch and art as opposites. Greenberg further claimed that [[avant-garde]] and [[Modernism|Modernist]] art was a means to resist the leveling of culture produced by [[capitalist]] [[propaganda]]. Greenberg appropriated the German word '[[kitsch]]' to describe this consumerism, though its [[connotation]]s have since changed to a more affirmative notion of left-over materials of capitalist culture. Greenberg was often referred to as a [[Marxist]] [[art critic]] / [[art historian]]. While Greenberg is primarily thought of as a [[formalist]] [[art critic]] many of his most important essays are crucial to the understanding of [[Modern art]] history, and the history of [[Modernism]].<ref>[https://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/postmodernism.html Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism], seventh paragraph of the essay. URL accessed on June 15, 2006</ref>

==Marxist art historians==

==Marxist art historians==

==External links==

==External links==

'''General'''

'''General'''

* ''[http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/art-design/artandartistfiles/ Art and Artist Files in the Smithsonian Libraries Collections]'' (2005) Smithsonian Digital Libraries

* ''[https://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/art-design/artandartistfiles/ Art and Artist Files in the Smithsonian Libraries Collections]'' (2005) Smithsonian Digital Libraries

*''[http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/hmsg/hmsg_audiotapes.htm Artists on Tape]'': List of Audio Tapes at The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture garden (2003) Anna Brooke Smithsonian Digital Libraries

*''[https://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/hmsg/hmsg_audiotapes.htm Artists on Tape]'': List of Audio Tapes at The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture garden (2003) Anna Brooke Smithsonian Digital Libraries

*[http://www.flonnet.com/stories/20070824507606600.htm Article on Art in Ancient India]

*[https://www.flonnet.com/stories/20070824507606600.htm Article on Art in Ancient India]

*''[http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/hmsg/HMSG_video2003.pdf Artists on Film]'' List of Films and Videotapes: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (2003) Anna Brooke Smithsonian Digital Libraries

*''[https://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/hmsg/HMSG_video2003.pdf Artists on Film]'' List of Films and Videotapes: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (2003) Anna Brooke Smithsonian Digital Libraries

*[http://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHLinks.html In-depth directory of web links, divided by period]

*[https://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHLinks.html In-depth directory of web links, divided by period]

*[http://www.arthistoryunderground.com Art History Underground] - club at Columbia University

*[https://www.arthistoryunderground.com Art History Underground] - club at Columbia University

*[http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/kvk/vkk/vk_kunst_engl.html Virtual Catalogue for Art History (VKK)] - Catalog of periodicals, conference papers, festschriften, exhibition catalogues, etc.

*[https://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/kvk/vkk/vk_kunst_engl.html Virtual Catalogue for Art History (VKK)] - Catalog of periodicals, conference papers, festschriften, exhibition catalogues, etc.

'''Timelines'''

'''Timelines'''

*[http://metmuseum.org/toah/splash.htm?HomePageLink=toah_l NYC Metropolitan Museum of Art ''Timeline of Art History'']

*[https://metmuseum.org/toah/splash.htm?HomePageLink=toah_l NYC Metropolitan Museum of Art ''Timeline of Art History'']

*[http://www.historyexplorer.net/?Art_History_Timeline Art History timeline] at historyexplorer.net

*[https://www.historyexplorer.net/?Art_History_Timeline Art History timeline] at historyexplorer.net

'''Images'''

'''Images'''

*[http://www.antiquebooks.net/readpage.html#arthistory Hundreds of Images from the History of Art, ordered from the earliest to the most modern.]

*[https://www.antiquebooks.net/readpage.html#arthistory Hundreds of Images from the History of Art, ordered from the earliest to the most modern.]

'''Podcasts'''

'''Podcasts'''

*[http://www.smarthistory.org/blog smARThistory]

*[https://www.smarthistory.org/blog smARThistory]

'''Art historians'''

'''Art historians'''

*[http://www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/ Biographical Dictionary of Art Historians] (free access, full text)

*[https://www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/ Biographical Dictionary of Art Historians] (free access, full text)

*Sr.[[Wendy Beckett]]

*Sr.[[Wendy Beckett]]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: Art History]]

[[Category: Art History]]