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| Biology as a separate [[science]] was developed in the nineteenth century, as scientists discovered that organisms shared fundamental characteristics. Biology is now a standard subject of instruction at schools and universities around the world, and over a million papers are published annually in a wide array of biology and medicine [[Academic journal|journals]]. Biology: A Functional Approach. Thomas Nelson and Sons ISBN 978-0174480358 | | Biology as a separate [[science]] was developed in the nineteenth century, as scientists discovered that organisms shared fundamental characteristics. Biology is now a standard subject of instruction at schools and universities around the world, and over a million papers are published annually in a wide array of biology and medicine [[Academic journal|journals]]. Biology: A Functional Approach. Thomas Nelson and Sons ISBN 978-0174480358 |
− | <center>For lessons on the related [[topic]] of '''''[[DNA]]''''', follow [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:DNA '''''this link'''''].</center> | + | <center>For lessons on the related [[topic]] of '''''[[DNA]]''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:DNA '''''this link'''''].</center> |
| Most biological sciences are specialized disciplines. Traditionally, they are grouped by the type of organism being studied: [[botany]], the study of plants; [[zoology]], the study of animals; and [[microbiology]], the study of microorganisms. The fields within biology are further divided based on the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them: [[biochemistry]] examines the fundamental chemistry of life; [[molecular biology]] studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules; [[cellular biology]] examines the basic building block of all life, the [[cell (biology)|cell]]; [[physiology]] examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues and organ systems of an organism; and [[ecology]] examines how various organisms and their environment interrelate. | | Most biological sciences are specialized disciplines. Traditionally, they are grouped by the type of organism being studied: [[botany]], the study of plants; [[zoology]], the study of animals; and [[microbiology]], the study of microorganisms. The fields within biology are further divided based on the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them: [[biochemistry]] examines the fundamental chemistry of life; [[molecular biology]] studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules; [[cellular biology]] examines the basic building block of all life, the [[cell (biology)|cell]]; [[physiology]] examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues and organ systems of an organism; and [[ecology]] examines how various organisms and their environment interrelate. |
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| Traditionally, living things have been divided into five kingdoms (Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth ISBN 978-0716731832) | | Traditionally, living things have been divided into five kingdoms (Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth ISBN 978-0716731832) |
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− | However, many scientists now consider this five-kingdom system to be outdated. Modern alternative classification systems generally begin with the [[three-domain system]][http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576] | + | However, many scientists now consider this five-kingdom system to be outdated. Modern alternative classification systems generally begin with the [[three-domain system]][https://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576] |
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| These domains reflect whether the cells have nuclei or not, as well as differences in the cell exteriors. | | These domains reflect whether the cells have nuclei or not, as well as differences in the cell exteriors. |
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| ==External links== | | ==External links== |
− | *[http://www.dnalc.org/ The Dolan DNA Learning Center: The source for timely information about your life] | + | *[https://www.dnalc.org/ The Dolan DNA Learning Center: The source for timely information about your life] |
− | *[http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/index.html OSU's Phylocode] | + | *[https://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/index.html OSU's Phylocode] |
− | *[http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html ''The Tree of Life'']: A multi-authored, distributed Internet project containing information about phylogeny and biodiversity. | + | *[https://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html ''The Tree of Life'']: A multi-authored, distributed Internet project containing information about phylogeny and biodiversity. |
− | *[http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Biology/7-012Fall-2004/VideoLectures/ MIT video lecture series on biology] | + | *[https://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Biology/7-012Fall-2004/VideoLectures/ MIT video lecture series on biology] |
− | *[http://www.openwetware.org A wiki site for protocol sharing run from MIT]. | + | *[https://www.openwetware.org A wiki site for protocol sharing run from MIT]. |
− | *[http://www.bioeticaunbosque.edu.co/english/ Biology and Bioethics]. | + | *[https://www.bioeticaunbosque.edu.co/english/ Biology and Bioethics]. |
− | *[http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/ Biology online wiki dictionary]. | + | *[https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/ Biology online wiki dictionary]. |
− | *[http://bio-alive.com/ Biology Video Sharing Community]. | + | *[https://bio-alive.com/ Biology Video Sharing Community]. |
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| ===Journal links=== | | ===Journal links=== |
− | *[http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=index-html&issn=1545-7885 PLos Biology] A peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Public Library of Science | + | *[https://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=index-html&issn=1545-7885 PLos Biology] A peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Public Library of Science |
− | *[http://www.biolsci.org International Journal of Biological Sciences] A biological journal publishes peer-reviewed scientific papers of significance | + | *[https://www.biolsci.org International Journal of Biological Sciences] A biological journal publishes peer-reviewed scientific papers of significance |
− | *[http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/index.html Perspectives in Biology and Medicine] | + | *[https://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/index.html Perspectives in Biology and Medicine] |
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| [[Category: General Reference]] | | [[Category: General Reference]] |
| [[Category: Biology]] | | [[Category: Biology]] |