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| In ancient [[China]] ''literati'' referred to the government officials who formed the ruling class in China for over two thousand years. These '''[[scholar-bureaucrats]]''' were a [[status group]] of educated [[laymen]], not ordained [[priest]]s. They were not a [[hereditary]] group as their position depended on their knowledge of writing and literature. After 200 B.C. the system of selection of candidates was influenced by [[Confucianism]] and established its ethic among the literati. The [[Hundred Flowers Campaign]] in China was largely based on the government's wish for a mobilization of intellectuals; with very sour consequences later. | | In ancient [[China]] ''literati'' referred to the government officials who formed the ruling class in China for over two thousand years. These '''[[scholar-bureaucrats]]''' were a [[status group]] of educated [[laymen]], not ordained [[priest]]s. They were not a [[hereditary]] group as their position depended on their knowledge of writing and literature. After 200 B.C. the system of selection of candidates was influenced by [[Confucianism]] and established its ethic among the literati. The [[Hundred Flowers Campaign]] in China was largely based on the government's wish for a mobilization of intellectuals; with very sour consequences later. |
| ==Quote== | | ==Quote== |
− | The [[security]] of a religious group depends on [[spiritual]] [[unity]], not on theological [[uniformity]]. A religious group should be able to enjoy the liberty of '''freethinking''' without having to become <u>"freethinkers"</u>.[http://urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=http://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper103.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper103.html&line=111#mfs] | + | The [[security]] of a religious group depends on [[spiritual]] [[unity]], not on theological [[uniformity]]. A religious group should be able to enjoy the liberty of '''freethinking''' without having to become <u>"freethinkers"</u>.[https://urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=https://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper103.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper103.html&line=111#mfs] |
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| == References == | | == References == |
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| * Jennings, Jeremy and Kemp-Welch, Anthony, eds. (1997), ''Intellectuals in Politics: From the Dreyfus Affair to Salman Rushdie''. | | * Jennings, Jeremy and Kemp-Welch, Anthony, eds. (1997), ''Intellectuals in Politics: From the Dreyfus Affair to Salman Rushdie''. |
| *[[Paul Johnson (writer)|Johnson, Paul]], ''Intellectuals''. Perennial, 1990, ISBN 0-06-091657-5. A highly ideological onslaught discussing [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]], [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Henrik Ibsen|Ibsen]], [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]], [[Ernest Hemingway|Hemingway]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Bertolt Brecht|Brecht]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], [[Edmund Wilson]], [[Victor Gollancz]], [[Lillian Hellman]], [[Cyril Connolly]], [[Norman Mailer]], [[James Baldwin (writer)|James Baldwin]], [[Kenneth Tynan]], [[Noam Chomsky]], and others | | *[[Paul Johnson (writer)|Johnson, Paul]], ''Intellectuals''. Perennial, 1990, ISBN 0-06-091657-5. A highly ideological onslaught discussing [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]], [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Henrik Ibsen|Ibsen]], [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]], [[Ernest Hemingway|Hemingway]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Bertolt Brecht|Brecht]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], [[Edmund Wilson]], [[Victor Gollancz]], [[Lillian Hellman]], [[Cyril Connolly]], [[Norman Mailer]], [[James Baldwin (writer)|James Baldwin]], [[Kenneth Tynan]], [[Noam Chomsky]], and others |
− | * Piereson, James, 2006 [http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_the_new_criterion-the_rise_and_fall.htm ''The rise & fall of the intellectual''] The New Criterion, September 2006 | + | * Piereson, James, 2006 [https://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_the_new_criterion-the_rise_and_fall.htm ''The rise & fall of the intellectual''] The New Criterion, September 2006 |
| * [[Richard A. Posner|Posner, Richard A.]], 2002, ''Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline'', Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-00633-X. | | * [[Richard A. Posner|Posner, Richard A.]], 2002, ''Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline'', Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-00633-X. |
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| == Further reading == | | == Further reading == |
| *Kidder, David S., Oppenheim, Noah D., "[[The Intellectual Devotional|The Intellectual Devotional: Revive Your Mind, Complete Your Education, and Roam Confidently with the Cultured Class"]], 2006. ISBN 1-59486-513-2 | | *Kidder, David S., Oppenheim, Noah D., "[[The Intellectual Devotional|The Intellectual Devotional: Revive Your Mind, Complete Your Education, and Roam Confidently with the Cultured Class"]], 2006. ISBN 1-59486-513-2 |
− | *The vanishing man of letters: Part One, Contemporary Review [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-107897411.html] | + | *The vanishing man of letters: Part One, Contemporary Review [https://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-107897411.html] |
− | *The vanishing man of letters: Part Two Contemporary Review [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-110266770.html] | + | *The vanishing man of letters: Part Two Contemporary Review [https://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-110266770.html] |
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| ==External links== | | ==External links== |
− | * [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/12172 A Special Supplement: The Responsibility of Intellectuals] By [http://www.chomsky.info/ Noam Chomsky], February 23, 1967 | + | * [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/12172 A Special Supplement: The Responsibility of Intellectuals] By [https://www.chomsky.info/ Noam Chomsky], February 23, 1967 |
− | * Posner's table of 600+ public intellectuals classified by such variables as sex, professional and disciplinary affiliation, political leaning, media affiliation, Web hits, and scholarly citations.[http://home.uchicago.edu/~rposner/TABLE%20II.pdf] | + | * Posner's table of 600+ public intellectuals classified by such variables as sex, professional and disciplinary affiliation, political leaning, media affiliation, Web hits, and scholarly citations.[https://home.uchicago.edu/~rposner/TABLE%20II.pdf] |
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| [[Category: General Reference]] | | [[Category: General Reference]] |