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− | [[File:lighterstill.jpg]] | + | [[File:lighterstill.jpg]][[File:Individual_Temperament.jpg|right|frame]] |
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| ==Etymology== | | ==Etymology== |
− | [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English], from [[Latin]] temperamentum, from temperare to mix, temper | + | [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English], from [[Latin]] temperamentum, from temperare to mix, temper |
− | *Date: [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Century 15th century] | + | *Date: [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Century 15th century] |
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| + | <center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Temperament''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Temperament '''''this link'''''].</center> |
| ==Definitions== | | ==Definitions== |
| *1 obsolete a : [[constitution]] of a substance, [[body]], or [[organism]] with [[respect]] to the mixture or [[balance]] of its elements, [[qualities]], or [[parts]] : makeup | | *1 obsolete a : [[constitution]] of a substance, [[body]], or [[organism]] with [[respect]] to the mixture or [[balance]] of its elements, [[qualities]], or [[parts]] : makeup |
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| In [[psychology]], '''temperament''' refers to those aspects of an [[individual]]'s [[personality]], such as introversion or extroversion, that are often regarded as [[innate]] rather than learned. A great many classificatory schemes for temperament have been developed; none, though, has achieved general [[consensus]]. | | In [[psychology]], '''temperament''' refers to those aspects of an [[individual]]'s [[personality]], such as introversion or extroversion, that are often regarded as [[innate]] rather than learned. A great many classificatory schemes for temperament have been developed; none, though, has achieved general [[consensus]]. |
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− | [[History|Historically]], the [[concept]] of temperament was part of the [[theory]] of the four humours, with their corresponding four temperaments. The concept played an important part in pre-modern psychology, and was explored by [[philosophers]] such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Lotze Hermann Lotze]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_W._Keirsey David W. Keirsey] also drew upon the early [[models]] of temperament when [[developing]] the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keirsey_Temperament_Sorter Keirsey Temperament Sorter]. More recently, [[scientists]] seeking [[evidence]] of a [[biological]] basis of [[personality]] have further [[Research|examined]] the [[relationship]] between temperament and [[character]] (defined in this [[context]] as the learnt aspects of personality). However, biological correlations have proven hard to confirm. | + | [[History|Historically]], the [[concept]] of temperament was part of the [[theory]] of the four humours, with their corresponding four temperaments. The concept played an important part in pre-modern psychology, and was explored by [[philosophers]] such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Lotze Hermann Lotze]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_W._Keirsey David W. Keirsey] also drew upon the early [[models]] of temperament when [[developing]] the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keirsey_Temperament_Sorter Keirsey Temperament Sorter]. More recently, [[scientists]] seeking [[evidence]] of a [[biological]] basis of [[personality]] have further [[Research|examined]] the [[relationship]] between temperament and [[character]] (defined in this [[context]] as the learnt aspects of personality). However, biological correlations have proven hard to confirm. |
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| Temperament is determined through specific [[behavioral]] profiles, usually [[focusing]] on those that are both easily [[measurable]] and testable early in [[childhood]]. Commonly tested factors include irritability, [[activity]], frequency of smiling, and an approach or avoidant posture to unfamiliar [[events]]. There is generally a low correlation between descriptions by teachers and behavioural [[observation]]s by scientists of features used in determining temperament. | | Temperament is determined through specific [[behavioral]] profiles, usually [[focusing]] on those that are both easily [[measurable]] and testable early in [[childhood]]. Commonly tested factors include irritability, [[activity]], frequency of smiling, and an approach or avoidant posture to unfamiliar [[events]]. There is generally a low correlation between descriptions by teachers and behavioural [[observation]]s by scientists of features used in determining temperament. |