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==Etymology==
==Etymology==
classical Latin pr{o}scripti{o}n-, pr{o}scripti{o} publication of the [[names]] of [[citizens]] who were [[declared]] outlaws and their goods confiscated. Compare Middle French proscription, proscripcion, French proscription condemnation to [[death]] or [[exile]] without [[legal]] [[process]] (1418), measures taken against people in a time of civil disturbance, especially banishment (1525), banning (of a [[word]], usage, etc.)
classical Latin pr{o}scripti{o}n-, pr{o}scripti{o} publication of the [[names]] of [[citizens]] who were [[declared]] outlaws and their goods confiscated. Compare Middle French proscription, proscripcion, French proscription condemnation to [[death]] or [[exile]] without [[legal]] [[process]] (1418), measures taken against people in a time of civil disturbance, especially banishment (1525), banning (of a [[word]], usage, etc.)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century 14th Century]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century 14th Century]
==Defintions==
==Defintions==
*: : an imposed restraint or restriction : [[prohibition]]
*: : an imposed restraint or restriction : [[prohibition]]
==Description==
==Description==
[[Proscription]] ([[Latin]]: proscriptio) is a term used for the [[public]] identification and official [[condemnation]] of enemies of the [[state]]. It is defined by the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] as a "[[decree]] of condemnation to [[death]] or banishment" and is a heavily [[politically]]-charged [[word]] frequently used to refer to [[state]]-approved murder or [[persecution]]. Proscription implies the elimination en masse of [[political]] rivals or [[personal]] enemies, and the term is frequently used in connection with [[violent]] [[revolutions]], most especially with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror Reign of Terror] in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution French Revolution]. The term is also used to [[express]] the political [[violence]] in Argentina against [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peronism Peronists] after Perón fled into [[exile]].
[[Proscription]] ([[Latin]]: proscriptio) is a term used for the [[public]] identification and official [[condemnation]] of enemies of the [[state]]. It is defined by the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] as a "[[decree]] of condemnation to [[death]] or banishment" and is a heavily [[politically]]-charged [[word]] frequently used to refer to [[state]]-approved murder or [[persecution]]. Proscription implies the elimination en masse of [[political]] rivals or [[personal]] enemies, and the term is frequently used in connection with [[violent]] [[revolutions]], most especially with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror Reign of Terror] in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution French Revolution]. The term is also used to [[express]] the political [[violence]] in Argentina against [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peronism Peronists] after Perón fled into [[exile]].
==Proscription of 82 BC==
==Proscription of 82 BC==
An early instance of mass proscription took place in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82_BC 82 BC], when [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla] was appointed dictator rei publicae constituendae ("Dictator for the Reconstitution of the Republic"). Sulla proceeded to have the Senate draw up a list of those he [[considered]] enemies of the [[state]] and published the list in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Forum Roman Forum]. Any man whose name [[appeared]] on the list was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipso_facto ipso facto] stripped of his [[citizenship]] and excluded from all protection under [[law]]; reward [[money]] was given to any informer who gave [[information]] leading to the [[death]] of a proscribed man and any [[person]] who killed a proscribed man was entitled to keep part of his estate (the remainder went to the [[state]]). No person could [[inherit]] [[money]] or [[property]] from the proscribed men, nor could any woman [[married]] to a proscribed man remarry after his [[death]]. Many [[victims]] of proscription were decapitated and their heads were displayed on spears in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Forum Forum].
An early instance of mass proscription took place in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82_BC 82 BC], when [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla] was appointed dictator rei publicae constituendae ("Dictator for the Reconstitution of the Republic"). Sulla proceeded to have the Senate draw up a list of those he [[considered]] enemies of the [[state]] and published the list in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Forum Roman Forum]. Any man whose name [[appeared]] on the list was [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipso_facto ipso facto] stripped of his [[citizenship]] and excluded from all protection under [[law]]; reward [[money]] was given to any informer who gave [[information]] leading to the [[death]] of a proscribed man and any [[person]] who killed a proscribed man was entitled to keep part of his estate (the remainder went to the [[state]]). No person could [[inherit]] [[money]] or [[property]] from the proscribed men, nor could any woman [[married]] to a proscribed man remarry after his [[death]]. Many [[victims]] of proscription were decapitated and their heads were displayed on spears in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Forum Forum].
Sulla used proscription to restore the depleted [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerarium Roman Treasury] (Aerarium), which had been drained by costly [[civil]] and foreign [[wars]] in the preceding decade, and to eliminate enemies (both real and [[potential]]) of his reformed state and [[constitution]]s; the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutocracy plutocratic] knights of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_order Ordo Equester] were particularly hard-hit. Giving the procedure a particularly sinister [[character]] in the public eye was the [[fact]] that many of the proscribed men, escorted from their [[homes]] at night by groups of men all named "Lucius Cornelius," never appeared again. (These men, the Sullani, were all Sulla's freedmen). This gave rise to a general fear of being taken from one's [[home]] at night, as a consequence of any outwardly seditious [[behavior]].
Sulla used proscription to restore the depleted [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerarium Roman Treasury] (Aerarium), which had been drained by costly [[civil]] and foreign [[wars]] in the preceding decade, and to eliminate enemies (both real and [[potential]]) of his reformed state and [[constitution]]s; the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutocracy plutocratic] knights of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_order Ordo Equester] were particularly hard-hit. Giving the procedure a particularly sinister [[character]] in the public eye was the [[fact]] that many of the proscribed men, escorted from their [[homes]] at night by groups of men all named "Lucius Cornelius," never appeared again. (These men, the Sullani, were all Sulla's freedmen). This gave rise to a general fear of being taken from one's [[home]] at night, as a consequence of any outwardly seditious [[behavior]].
Sulla's proscription was bureaucratically overseen and the [[names]] of informers and those who profited from killing proscribed men were entered into the [[public]] [[record]]. Because Roman law could criminalise acts [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law ex post facto], many informers and profiteers were later prosecuted. The procedure was overseen by his [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedman freedman] steward, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Chrysogonus Lucius Cornelius Chrysogonus], and was rife with corruption.
Sulla's proscription was bureaucratically overseen and the [[names]] of informers and those who profited from killing proscribed men were entered into the [[public]] [[record]]. Because Roman law could criminalise acts [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law ex post facto], many informers and profiteers were later prosecuted. The procedure was overseen by his [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedman freedman] steward, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Chrysogonus Lucius Cornelius Chrysogonus], and was rife with corruption.
==Proscription of 43 BC==
==Proscription of 43 BC==
Proscription was later revived by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Triumvirate Second Triumvirate] in November [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43_BC 43 BC], again to eliminate [[political]] enemies and to replenish the Treasury. Some of the proscribed enemies of the state were stripped of their [[property]] but protected from [[death]] by their relatives in the Triumvirate (e.g., Lucius Julius Caesar and Lepidus's brother). Most were not so lucky; amongst the most prominent men to suffer death were the [[orator]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero Cicero], his younger brother Quintus Tullius Cicero (one of Julius Caesar's legates) and Marcus Favonius.[1]
Proscription was later revived by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Triumvirate Second Triumvirate] in November [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43_BC 43 BC], again to eliminate [[political]] enemies and to replenish the Treasury. Some of the proscribed enemies of the state were stripped of their [[property]] but protected from [[death]] by their relatives in the Triumvirate (e.g., Lucius Julius Caesar and Lepidus's brother). Most were not so lucky; amongst the most prominent men to suffer death were the [[orator]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero Cicero], his younger brother Quintus Tullius Cicero (one of Julius Caesar's legates) and Marcus Favonius.[1]
==See also==
==See also==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae Damnatio memoriae]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae Damnatio memoriae]
==References==
==References==
* Cassius Dio, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/47*.html Roman History], XLVII, at uchicago.edu, accessed 29 May 2009
* Cassius Dio, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/47*.html Roman History], XLVII, at uchicago.edu, accessed 29 May 2009
[[Category: History]]
[[Category: History]]
[[Category: Political Science]]
[[Category: Political Science]]