Changes

'''Participation''' in [[social science]] is an umbrella term including different means for the public to directly participate in political, economic, management or other social decisions. Ideally, each actor would have a say in decisions directly proportional to the degree that particular decision affects him or her.  Those not affected by a decision would have no say and those exclusively affected by a decision would have full say.  Likewise, those most affected would have the most say while those least affected would have the least say.  Participatory decision making infers a level of proportionate decision making power and can take place along any realm of human social activity, including [[economic]] (ie [[Participatory economics]]), [[political]] (ie [[Participatory democracy]] or [[parpolity]]), [[cultural]] (ie [[intercommunalism]]) or [[familial]] (ie [[Feminism]]).  

'''Participation''' in [[social science]] is an umbrella term including different means for the public to directly participate in political, economic, management or other social decisions. Ideally, each actor would have a say in decisions directly proportional to the degree that particular decision affects him or her.  Those not affected by a decision would have no say and those exclusively affected by a decision would have full say.  Likewise, those most affected would have the most say while those least affected would have the least say.  Participatory decision making infers a level of proportionate decision making power and can take place along any realm of human social activity, including [[economic]] (ie [[Participatory economics]]), [[political]] (ie [[Participatory democracy]] or [[parpolity]]), [[cultural]] (ie [[intercommunalism]]) or [[familial]] (ie [[Feminism]]).  

 

The term is used in [[management]] theory (as in "[[participatory management]]") to denote a style of management that calls for a high level of participation of workers and supervisors in decisions that affect their work. The term is also used in Participatory Economics or "[[parecon]]" as it is theorized and elaborated in that model.

The term is used in [[management]] theory (as in "[[participatory management]]") to denote a style of management that calls for a high level of participation of workers and supervisors in decisions that affect their work. The term is also used in Participatory Economics or "[[parecon]]" as it is theorized and elaborated in that model.

Arnstein continues to define citizen participation as "''the redistribution of power that enables the havenot citizens, presently excluded from the political and economic processes, to be deliberately included in the future''".

Arnstein continues to define citizen participation as "''the redistribution of power that enables the havenot citizens, presently excluded from the political and economic processes, to be deliberately included in the future''".

The complete original text of Arnstein, dating from 1969, but still very valid can be found on http://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation.html

The complete original text of Arnstein, dating from 1969, but still very valid can be found on https://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation.html

Multiple other "''ladders''" of participation have been presented, most notably Connor's "A new ladder of citizen participation" (1988), Wiedemann and Femers' "Public Participation in waste management decision making: analysis and management of conflicts" (1993) and Dorcey et al. "Public Involvement in government decision making: choosing the right model" (1994).

Multiple other "''ladders''" of participation have been presented, most notably Connor's "A new ladder of citizen participation" (1988), Wiedemann and Femers' "Public Participation in waste management decision making: analysis and management of conflicts" (1993) and Dorcey et al. "Public Involvement in government decision making: choosing the right model" (1994).

==External links==

==External links==

*[http://www.zmag.org/books/pareconv/Chapter2.htm#_VPID_22 Participatory Economics Book Page (Participatory Decision Making)]

*[https://www.zmag.org/books/pareconv/Chapter2.htm#_VPID_22 Participatory Economics Book Page (Participatory Decision Making)]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: Political Science]]

[[Category: Political Science]]