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Created page with 'File:lighterstill.jpgright|frame ==Origin== German Monismus, from mon- + -ismus -ism with the earliest use attributed to C. Wolff "Dogmatism..with [[...'
[[File:lighterstill.jpg]][[File:Monism.jpg|right|frame]]
==Origin==
German Monismus, from mon- + -ismus -ism with the earliest use attributed to C. Wolff "[[Dogmatism]]..with [[reference]] to the number of [[fundamental]] principles,..becomes [[Dualism]] or '''''Monism''''' [Ger. Monismus]; and to this last description belong both [[Materialism]] and [[Spiritualism]]."
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century 1832]
==Definitions==
*1a : a view that there is only one kind of [[ultimate]] substance
:b : the [[view]] that [[reality]] is one [[unitary]] organic [[whole]] with no [[independent]] [[parts]]
*2: monogenesis
*3: a [[viewpoint]] or [[theory]] that reduces all [[phenomena]] to one principle
==Description==
'''Monism''' is any [[philosophical]] view which holds that there is [[unity]] in a given field of [[inquiry]], where this is not to be expected. Thus, some philosophers may hold that the [[universe]] is really just [[one]] [[thing]], despite its many [[appearances]] and [[diversities]]; or [[theology]] may support the view that there is one [[God]], with many [[manifestations]] in [[different]] [[religions]].
==Philosophical monism==
Monism in philosophy can be defined according to [[three]] kinds:
*1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism Idealism], phenomenalism, or mentalistic monism which holds that only [[mind]] is real.
*2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_monism Neutral monism], which holds that both the mental and the physical can be reduced to some sort of third substance, or energy.
*3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicalism Physicalism] or [[materialism]], which holds that only the [[physical]] is real, and that the mental or [[spiritual]] can be reduced to the [[physical]].
:Certain other positions are hard to pigeonhole into the above categories, see links below.
==Monism, pantheism, and panentheism==
Following a long and still current tradition H.P. Owen (1971: 65) claimed that
:"Pantheists are ‘monists’...they believe that there is only [[one]] [[Being]], and that all other [[forms]] of [[reality]] are either [[modes]] (or appearances) of it or [[identical]] with it."
Although almost all [[pantheists]] are monists, some pantheists may also be not-monists, but undeniably monists were the most famous [[pantheisms]] as that of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoics Stoics], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinus Plotinus] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza Spinoza]. ''Exclusive Monists'' believe that the [[universe]], the "[[God]]" of [[naturalistic]] [[pantheism]], simply does not exist. In addition, monists can be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism Deists], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeism Pandeists], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theism Theists] or [[Panentheists]]; believing in a monotheistic [[God]] that is [[omnipotent]] and all-pervading, and both [[transcendent]] and [[immanent]]. There are monist pantheists and panentheists in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism Hinduism] (particularly in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita Advaita] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishistadvaita Vishistadvaita] respectively), [[Judaism]] (monistic [[panentheism]] is especially found in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah Kabbalah] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy Hasidic philosophy]), in [[Christianity]] (especially among [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox Oriental Orthodox], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church Eastern Orthodox], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism Anglicans]) and in [[Islam]] (among the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufis Sufis], especially the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi Bektashi]).
While [[pantheism]] means all [[things]] are [[identical]] to [[God]], [[panentheism]] means God is in all things, neither identical to, nor totally separate from all things. Such a [[concept]], some may argue, is more compatible with God as [[personality]] while not barring a bridge between [[God]] and [[creation]]. Historical figures such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tillich Paul Tillich] have [[argued]] for such a [[concept]] within [[Christian]] [[theology]], as well as contemporary biblical [[scholar]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Borg Marcus Borg].
==Materialistic monism==
Materialistic monism (or monistic [[materialism]]) is the philosophical [[concept]] which sees the [[unity]] of [[matter]] in its universality. For the materialistic monist the [[cosmos]] is “one” and comprehensive, then a “one-all” made up of [[parts]] such as its [[effects]]. The matter is then origin and [[cause]] of all [[reality]]. The monism duality is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter Antimatter].
[[Category: Philosophy]]
==Origin==
German Monismus, from mon- + -ismus -ism with the earliest use attributed to C. Wolff "[[Dogmatism]]..with [[reference]] to the number of [[fundamental]] principles,..becomes [[Dualism]] or '''''Monism''''' [Ger. Monismus]; and to this last description belong both [[Materialism]] and [[Spiritualism]]."
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century 1832]
==Definitions==
*1a : a view that there is only one kind of [[ultimate]] substance
:b : the [[view]] that [[reality]] is one [[unitary]] organic [[whole]] with no [[independent]] [[parts]]
*2: monogenesis
*3: a [[viewpoint]] or [[theory]] that reduces all [[phenomena]] to one principle
==Description==
'''Monism''' is any [[philosophical]] view which holds that there is [[unity]] in a given field of [[inquiry]], where this is not to be expected. Thus, some philosophers may hold that the [[universe]] is really just [[one]] [[thing]], despite its many [[appearances]] and [[diversities]]; or [[theology]] may support the view that there is one [[God]], with many [[manifestations]] in [[different]] [[religions]].
==Philosophical monism==
Monism in philosophy can be defined according to [[three]] kinds:
*1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism Idealism], phenomenalism, or mentalistic monism which holds that only [[mind]] is real.
*2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_monism Neutral monism], which holds that both the mental and the physical can be reduced to some sort of third substance, or energy.
*3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicalism Physicalism] or [[materialism]], which holds that only the [[physical]] is real, and that the mental or [[spiritual]] can be reduced to the [[physical]].
:Certain other positions are hard to pigeonhole into the above categories, see links below.
==Monism, pantheism, and panentheism==
Following a long and still current tradition H.P. Owen (1971: 65) claimed that
:"Pantheists are ‘monists’...they believe that there is only [[one]] [[Being]], and that all other [[forms]] of [[reality]] are either [[modes]] (or appearances) of it or [[identical]] with it."
Although almost all [[pantheists]] are monists, some pantheists may also be not-monists, but undeniably monists were the most famous [[pantheisms]] as that of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoics Stoics], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinus Plotinus] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza Spinoza]. ''Exclusive Monists'' believe that the [[universe]], the "[[God]]" of [[naturalistic]] [[pantheism]], simply does not exist. In addition, monists can be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism Deists], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeism Pandeists], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theism Theists] or [[Panentheists]]; believing in a monotheistic [[God]] that is [[omnipotent]] and all-pervading, and both [[transcendent]] and [[immanent]]. There are monist pantheists and panentheists in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism Hinduism] (particularly in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita Advaita] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishistadvaita Vishistadvaita] respectively), [[Judaism]] (monistic [[panentheism]] is especially found in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah Kabbalah] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy Hasidic philosophy]), in [[Christianity]] (especially among [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox Oriental Orthodox], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church Eastern Orthodox], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism Anglicans]) and in [[Islam]] (among the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufis Sufis], especially the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi Bektashi]).
While [[pantheism]] means all [[things]] are [[identical]] to [[God]], [[panentheism]] means God is in all things, neither identical to, nor totally separate from all things. Such a [[concept]], some may argue, is more compatible with God as [[personality]] while not barring a bridge between [[God]] and [[creation]]. Historical figures such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tillich Paul Tillich] have [[argued]] for such a [[concept]] within [[Christian]] [[theology]], as well as contemporary biblical [[scholar]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Borg Marcus Borg].
==Materialistic monism==
Materialistic monism (or monistic [[materialism]]) is the philosophical [[concept]] which sees the [[unity]] of [[matter]] in its universality. For the materialistic monist the [[cosmos]] is “one” and comprehensive, then a “one-all” made up of [[parts]] such as its [[effects]]. The matter is then origin and [[cause]] of all [[reality]]. The monism duality is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter Antimatter].
[[Category: Philosophy]]