| ;*[[The Enlightenment]]: [[Human rights]], new science, [[democracy]] (scholarly sources; [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Wilhelm Dilthey]]). | | ;*[[The Enlightenment]]: [[Human rights]], new science, [[democracy]] (scholarly sources; [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Wilhelm Dilthey]]). |
| ;*[[Modernism]] : Rejects Christian academic scholarly tradition (scholarly sources [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Jacob Burckhardt]], [[Beard]], [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Carl Jung]]). | | ;*[[Modernism]] : Rejects Christian academic scholarly tradition (scholarly sources [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Jacob Burckhardt]], [[Beard]], [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Carl Jung]]). |
| ;*[[Existentialism]]: Pre- and post-WW2 rejection of Western norms and cultural values. [[Martin Heidegger]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Simone de Beauvoir]], [[Albert Camus]], [[Hannah Arendt]], [[Hans Jonas]], [[Karl Löwith]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Claude Levi-Strauss]], [[Martin Buber]], [[Edmund Husserl]]. Engaged with the intellectual prominence of fascism and socialism in Europe during in the 1930s and 1940s, which they saw needed both repudiation and study, as a way to re-establish the individual against the values of a hostile and destructive series of communities creating alienation, isolation, and individual meaninglessness. | | ;*[[Existentialism]]: Pre- and post-WW2 rejection of Western norms and cultural values. [[Martin Heidegger]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Simone de Beauvoir]], [[Albert Camus]], [[Hannah Arendt]], [[Hans Jonas]], [[Karl Löwith]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Claude Levi-Strauss]], [[Martin Buber]], [[Edmund Husserl]]. Engaged with the intellectual prominence of fascism and socialism in Europe during in the 1930s and 1940s, which they saw needed both repudiation and study, as a way to re-establish the individual against the values of a hostile and destructive series of communities creating alienation, isolation, and individual meaninglessness. |
| ;*[[Poststructuralism]] :[[Deconstruction]], destablizes the relationship between language and objects the language refers to (scholarly sources [[Jean-François Lyotard|Lyotard]], [[Jacques Derrida|Derrida]], [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]]). | | ;*[[Poststructuralism]] :[[Deconstruction]], destablizes the relationship between language and objects the language refers to (scholarly sources [[Jean-François Lyotard|Lyotard]], [[Jacques Derrida|Derrida]], [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]]). |