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59:3.1 300,000,000 years ago another great period of [[land]] submergence began. The southward and northward encroachment of the ancient [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian Silurian] seas made ready to engulf most of Europe and North America. The land was not elevated far above the sea so that not much deposition occurred about the shore lines. The seas teemed with lime-shelled life, and the falling of these shells to the sea bottom gradually built up very thick layers of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone limestone]. This is the first widespread limestone deposit, and it covers practically all of Europe and North America but only appears at the [[earth]]'s [[surface]] in a few places. The thickness of this ancient rock layer averages about one thousand feet, but many of these deposits have since been greatly deformed by tilting, upheavals, and faulting, and many have been changed to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz quartz], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale shale], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble marble].

59:3.1 300,000,000 years ago another great period of [[land]] submergence began. The southward and northward encroachment of the ancient [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian Silurian] seas made ready to engulf most of Europe and North America. The land was not elevated far above the sea so that not much deposition occurred about the shore lines. The seas teemed with lime-shelled life, and the falling of these shells to the sea bottom gradually built up very thick layers of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone limestone]. This is the first widespread limestone deposit, and it covers practically all of Europe and North America but only appears at the [[earth]]'s [[surface]] in a few places. The thickness of this ancient rock layer averages about one thousand feet, but many of these deposits have since been greatly deformed by tilting, upheavals, and faulting, and many have been changed to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz quartz], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale shale], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble marble].

59:3.2 No fire rocks or lava are found in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphy stone layers] of this period except those of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_Europe great volcanoes of southern Europe] and [http://www.scarborough.k12.me.us/wis/teachers/dtewhey/webquest/nature/volcanoes.htm eastern Maine] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_Quebec lava flows of Quebec]. Volcanic action was largely past. This was the height of great [[water]] deposition; there was little or no mountain building.

59:3.2 No fire rocks or lava are found in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphy stone layers] of this period except those of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_Europe great volcanoes of southern Europe] and [https://www.scarborough.k12.me.us/wis/teachers/dtewhey/webquest/nature/volcanoes.htm eastern Maine] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_Quebec lava flows of Quebec]. Volcanic action was largely past. This was the height of great [[water]] deposition; there was little or no mountain building.

59:3.3 290,000,000 years ago the sea had largely withdrawn from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continents continents], and the bottoms of the [[surrounding]] [[oceans]] were sinking. The [[land]] masses were little changed until they were again submerged. The early mountain movements of all the continents were beginning, and the greatest of these crustal upheavals were the [http://library.thinkquest.org/10131/geology.html Himalayas of Asia] and the great [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny Caledonian Mountains], extending from Ireland through Scotland and on to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitsbergen Spitzbergen].

59:3.3 290,000,000 years ago the sea had largely withdrawn from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continents continents], and the bottoms of the [[surrounding]] [[oceans]] were sinking. The [[land]] masses were little changed until they were again submerged. The early mountain movements of all the continents were beginning, and the greatest of these crustal upheavals were the [https://library.thinkquest.org/10131/geology.html Himalayas of Asia] and the great [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny Caledonian Mountains], extending from Ireland through Scotland and on to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitsbergen Spitzbergen].

59:3.4 It is in the deposits of this age that much of the gas, oil, zinc, and lead are found, the gas and [http://lsa.colorado.edu/summarystreet/texts/petroleum.htm oil] being [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_geology derived] from the enormous collections of [[vegetable]] and [[animal]] matter carried down at the time of the previous [[land]] submergence, while the mineral deposits represent the sedimentation of sluggish bodies of water. Many of the [http://geology.com/rocks/rock-salt.shtml rock salt] deposits belong to this period.

59:3.4 It is in the deposits of this age that much of the gas, oil, zinc, and lead are found, the gas and [https://lsa.colorado.edu/summarystreet/texts/petroleum.htm oil] being [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_geology derived] from the enormous collections of [[vegetable]] and [[animal]] matter carried down at the time of the previous [[land]] submergence, while the mineral deposits represent the sedimentation of sluggish bodies of water. Many of the [https://geology.com/rocks/rock-salt.shtml rock salt] deposits belong to this period.

59:3.5 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobites trilobites] rapidly declined, and the [[center]] of the stage was occupied by the larger mollusks, or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopods cephalopods]. These [[animals]] grew to be fifteen feet long and one foot in [[diameter]] and became masters of the [[seas]]. This species of animal appeared suddenly and assumed [[dominance]] of sea life.

59:3.5 The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobites trilobites] rapidly declined, and the [[center]] of the stage was occupied by the larger mollusks, or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopods cephalopods]. These [[animals]] grew to be fifteen feet long and one foot in [[diameter]] and became masters of the [[seas]]. This species of animal appeared suddenly and assumed [[dominance]] of sea life.

59:3.6 The great volcanic activity of this age was in the [http://books.google.com/books?id=tFqp-D3oVccC&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=geologic+history+of+european+volcanism&source=bl&ots=-dLd2Yzeo9&sig=9y06pjQCJMT6za8qLYzRCkfIMHk&hl=en&ei=AMkoTJeDN4G88gb1gLXCCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBgQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=geologic%20history%20of%20european%20volcanism&f=false European sector]. Not in millions upon millions of years had such [[violent]] and extensive volcanic [[eruptions]] occurred as now took place around the [[Mediterranean]] trough and especially in the neighborhood of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom#Geology British Isles]. This lava flow over the British Isles region today appears as alternate layers of lava and rock 25,000 feet thick. These rocks were laid down by the intermittent lava flows which spread out over a shallow sea bed, thus interspersing the rock deposits, and all of this was subsequently elevated high above the sea. Violent earthquakes took place in northern Europe, notably in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_Scotland Scotland].

59:3.6 The great volcanic activity of this age was in the [https://books.google.com/books?id=tFqp-D3oVccC&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=geologic+history+of+european+volcanism&source=bl&ots=-dLd2Yzeo9&sig=9y06pjQCJMT6za8qLYzRCkfIMHk&hl=en&ei=AMkoTJeDN4G88gb1gLXCCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBgQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=geologic%20history%20of%20european%20volcanism&f=false European sector]. Not in millions upon millions of years had such [[violent]] and extensive volcanic [[eruptions]] occurred as now took place around the [[Mediterranean]] trough and especially in the neighborhood of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom#Geology British Isles]. This lava flow over the British Isles region today appears as alternate layers of lava and rock 25,000 feet thick. These rocks were laid down by the intermittent lava flows which spread out over a shallow sea bed, thus interspersing the rock deposits, and all of this was subsequently elevated high above the sea. Violent earthquakes took place in northern Europe, notably in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_Scotland Scotland].

59:3.7 The [[ocean]]ic climate remained mild and [[uniform]], and the warm seas bathed the shores of the polar lands. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiopod Brachiopod] and other [[marine]]-life [[fossils]] may be found in these deposits right up to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_pole North Pole]. Gastropods, brachiopods, sponges, and reef-making corals continued to increase.

59:3.7 The [[ocean]]ic climate remained mild and [[uniform]], and the warm seas bathed the shores of the polar lands. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiopod Brachiopod] and other [[marine]]-life [[fossils]] may be found in these deposits right up to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_pole North Pole]. Gastropods, brachiopods, sponges, and reef-making corals continued to increase.

59:3.8 The close of this [[epoch]] witnesses the second advance of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian Silurian] seas with another commingling of the [[waters]] of the southern and northern [[oceans]]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopods cephalopods] [[dominate]] [[marine]] life, while [[associated]] [[forms]] of life [[progressively]] [[develop]] and differentiate.

59:3.8 The close of this [[epoch]] witnesses the second advance of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian Silurian] seas with another commingling of the [[waters]] of the southern and northern [[oceans]]. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopods cephalopods] [[dominate]] [[marine]] life, while [[associated]] [[forms]] of life [[progressively]] [[develop]] and differentiate.

59:3.9 280,000,000 y ears ago the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continents continents] had largely emerged from the second [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian Silurian] inundation. The rock deposits of this submergence are known in North America as [http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/natbltn/600-699/nb667.htm Niagara limestone] because this is the stratum of rock over which [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_falls Niagara Falls] now flows. This layer of rock extends from the eastern mountains to the Mississippi valley region but not farther west except to the south. Several layers extend over Canada, portions of South America, Australia, and most of Europe, the average thickness of this Niagara series being about six hundred feet. Immediately overlying the Niagara deposit, in many regions may be found a collection of conglomerate, shale, and rock salt. This is the accumulation of secondary subsidences. This salt settled in great lagoons which were alternately opened up to the sea and then cut off so that evaporation occurred with deposition of salt along with other matter held in solution. In some regions these rock salt beds are seventy feet thick.

59:3.9 280,000,000 y ears ago the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continents continents] had largely emerged from the second [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian Silurian] inundation. The rock deposits of this submergence are known in North America as [https://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/natbltn/600-699/nb667.htm Niagara limestone] because this is the stratum of rock over which [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_falls Niagara Falls] now flows. This layer of rock extends from the eastern mountains to the Mississippi valley region but not farther west except to the south. Several layers extend over Canada, portions of South America, Australia, and most of Europe, the average thickness of this Niagara series being about six hundred feet. Immediately overlying the Niagara deposit, in many regions may be found a collection of conglomerate, shale, and rock salt. This is the accumulation of secondary subsidences. This salt settled in great lagoons which were alternately opened up to the sea and then cut off so that evaporation occurred with deposition of salt along with other matter held in solution. In some regions these rock salt beds are seventy feet thick.

59:3.10 The [[climate]] is even and mild, and [[marine]] [[fossils]] are laid down in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic arctic] regions. But by the end of this [[epoch]] the seas are so excessively salty that little life [[survives]].

59:3.10 The [[climate]] is even and mild, and [[marine]] [[fossils]] are laid down in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic arctic] regions. But by the end of this [[epoch]] the seas are so excessively salty that little life [[survives]].

59:3.11 Toward the close of the final [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian Silurian] submergence there is a great increase in the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderms echinoderms]—the stone lilies—as is [[evidenced]] by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoid crinoid] limestone deposits. The trilobites have nearly disappeared, and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusks mollusks] continue monarchs of the seas; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral coral]-reef formation increases greatly. During this age, in the more favorable locations the [[primitive]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurypterid water scorpions] first evolve. Soon thereafter, and suddenly, the true [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpions scorpions]—actual [[air]] breathers—make their [[appearance]].

59:3.11 Toward the close of the final [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian Silurian] submergence there is a great increase in the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderms echinoderms]—the stone lilies—as is [[evidenced]] by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoid crinoid] limestone deposits. The trilobites have nearly disappeared, and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusks mollusks] continue monarchs of the seas; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral coral]-reef formation increases greatly. During this age, in the more favorable locations the [[primitive]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurypterid water scorpions] first evolve. Soon thereafter, and suddenly, the true [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpions scorpions]—actual [[air]] breathers—make their [[appearance]].

59:3.12 These developments terminate the third [[marine]]-life period, covering twenty-five million years and known to your researchers as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian Silurian].

59:3.12 These developments terminate the third [[marine]]-life period, covering twenty-five million years and known to your researchers as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian Silurian].

<center>[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_59 Go to Paper 59]</center>

<center>[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_59 Go to Paper 59]</center>

<center>[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Urantia_Text_-_Contents Go to Table of Contents]</center>

<center>[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Urantia_Text_-_Contents Go to Table of Contents]</center>

[[Category:Paper 59 - The Marine-Life Era on Urantia]]

[[Category:Paper 59 - The Marine-Life Era on Urantia]]