Changes

70:11.1 It is just as [[difficult]] to draw sharp distinctions between [[mores]] and [[laws]] as to indicate exactly when, at the [[dawning]], [[Darkness|night]] is [[succeeded]] by [[Light|day]]. [[Mores]] are [[laws]] and police regulations in the making. When long [[established]], the undefined [[mores]] tend to [[crystallize]] into precise [[laws]], concrete regulations, and well-defined [[social]] [[conventions]].

70:11.1 It is just as [[difficult]] to draw sharp distinctions between [[mores]] and [[laws]] as to indicate exactly when, at the [[dawning]], [[Darkness|night]] is [[succeeded]] by [[Light|day]]. [[Mores]] are [[laws]] and police regulations in the making. When long [[established]], the undefined [[mores]] tend to [[crystallize]] into precise [[laws]], concrete regulations, and well-defined [[social]] [[conventions]].

70:11.2 [[Law]] is always at first [[negative]] and prohibitive; in advancing [[civilizations]] it becomes increasingly positive and directive. Early [[society]] operated [[negatively]], granting the [[individual]] the [[right]] to live by imposing upon all others the command, "you shall not kill."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.5] Every grant of [[rights]] or [[liberty]] to the [[individual]] involves curtailment of the liberties of all others, and this is [[effected]] by the [[taboo]], [[primitive]] [[law]]. The whole [[idea]] of the [[taboo]] is [[inherently]] [[negative]], for [[primitive]] [[society]] was wholly [[negative]] in its [[organization]], and the early [[administration]] of [[justice]] consisted in the enforcement of the [[taboos]]. But [[originally]] these [[laws]] applied only to fellow [[tribesmen]], as is [[illustrated]] by the later-day [[Hebrews]], who had a [[different]] code of [[ethics]] for dealing with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiles gentiles].

70:11.2 [[Law]] is always at first [[negative]] and prohibitive; in advancing [[civilizations]] it becomes increasingly positive and directive. Early [[society]] operated [[negatively]], granting the [[individual]] the [[right]] to live by imposing upon all others the command, "you shall not kill."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.5] Every grant of [[rights]] or [[liberty]] to the [[individual]] involves curtailment of the liberties of all others, and this is [[effected]] by the [[taboo]], [[primitive]] [[law]]. The whole [[idea]] of the [[taboo]] is [[inherently]] [[negative]], for [[primitive]] [[society]] was wholly [[negative]] in its [[organization]], and the early [[administration]] of [[justice]] consisted in the enforcement of the [[taboos]]. But [[originally]] these [[laws]] applied only to fellow [[tribesmen]], as is [[illustrated]] by the later-day [[Hebrews]], who had a [[different]] code of [[ethics]] for dealing with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiles gentiles].

70:11.3 The [[oath]] [[originated]] in the days of [[Dalamatia]] in an [[effort]] to render [[testimony]] more [[truthful]]. Such oaths consisted in pronouncing a [[curse]] upon oneself. Formerly no [[individual]] would [[testify]] against his [[native]] [[group]].

70:11.3 The [[oath]] [[originated]] in the days of [[Dalamatia]] in an [[effort]] to render [[testimony]] more [[truthful]]. Such oaths consisted in pronouncing a [[curse]] upon oneself. Formerly no [[individual]] would [[testify]] against his [[native]] [[group]].

*1. By destroying the disputed [[property]].

*1. By destroying the disputed [[property]].

*2. By [[force]]—the [[contest]]ants fought it out.

*2. By [[force]]—the [[contest]]ants fought it out.

*3. By [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Arbitration arbitration]—a third party decided.

*3. By [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Arbitration arbitration]—a third party decided.

*4. By [[appeal]] to the elders—later to the [[courts]].

*4. By [[appeal]] to the elders—later to the [[courts]].

70:11.9 The first [[courts]] were regulated [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisticuffs fistic] encounters; the [[judges]] were merely umpires or [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Referees referees]. They saw to it that the fight was carried on according to approved rules. On entering a [[court]] combat, each party made a deposit with the [[judge]] to pay the costs and fine after one had been defeated by the other. "Might was still right." Later on, verbal [[arguments]] were substituted for [[physical]] blows.

70:11.9 The first [[courts]] were regulated [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisticuffs fistic] encounters; the [[judges]] were merely umpires or [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Referees referees]. They saw to it that the fight was carried on according to approved rules. On entering a [[court]] combat, each party made a deposit with the [[judge]] to pay the costs and fine after one had been defeated by the other. "Might was still right." Later on, verbal [[arguments]] were substituted for [[physical]] blows.

70:11.10 The whole [[idea]] of [[primitive]] [[justice]] was not so much to be [[fair]] as to dispose of the [[contest]] and thus prevent [[public]] disorder and [[private]] [[violence]]. But [[primitive]] man did not so much resent what would now be regarded as an injustice; it was taken for granted that those who had [[power]] would use it selfishly. Nevertheless, the [[status]] of any [[civilization]] may be very accurately determined by the thoroughness and equity of its [[courts]] and by the [[integrity]] of its [[judges]].

70:11.10 The whole [[idea]] of [[primitive]] [[justice]] was not so much to be [[fair]] as to dispose of the [[contest]] and thus prevent [[public]] disorder and [[private]] [[violence]]. But [[primitive]] man did not so much resent what would now be regarded as an injustice; it was taken for granted that those who had [[power]] would use it selfishly. Nevertheless, the [[status]] of any [[civilization]] may be very accurately determined by the thoroughness and equity of its [[courts]] and by the [[integrity]] of its [[judges]].