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90:2.1 [[Spirit]] [[conjuring]] was a very precise and highly [[complicated]] [[procedure]], comparable to present-day [[church]] [[rituals]] conducted in an [[ancient]] [[tongue]]. The [[human]] race very early sought for [[superhuman]] help, for [[revelation]]; and men believed that the [[shaman]] actually received such [[revelations]]. While the [[shamans]] utilized the great [[power]] of suggestion in their [[work]], it was almost invariably [[negative]] suggestion; only in very recent times has the [[technique]] of positive suggestion been employed. In the early [[development]] of their [[profession]] the shamans began to specialize in such vocations as [[rain]] making, [[disease]] [[healing]], and [[crime]] detecting. To heal diseases was not, however, the chief [[function]] of a shamanic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_man medicine man]; it was, rather, to know and to [[control]] the hazards of living.

90:2.1 [[Spirit]] [[conjuring]] was a very precise and highly [[complicated]] [[procedure]], comparable to present-day [[church]] [[rituals]] conducted in an [[ancient]] [[tongue]]. The [[human]] race very early sought for [[superhuman]] help, for [[revelation]]; and men believed that the [[shaman]] actually received such [[revelations]]. While the [[shamans]] utilized the great [[power]] of suggestion in their [[work]], it was almost invariably [[negative]] suggestion; only in very recent times has the [[technique]] of positive suggestion been employed. In the early [[development]] of their [[profession]] the shamans began to specialize in such vocations as [[rain]] making, [[disease]] [[healing]], and [[crime]] detecting. To heal diseases was not, however, the chief [[function]] of a shamanic [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_man medicine man]; it was, rather, to know and to [[control]] the hazards of living.

90:2.2 [[Ancient]] [[Occult|black art]], both religious and secular, was called white art when [[practiced]] by either [[priests]], seers, [[shamans]], or medicine men. The practitioners of the black art were called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcery sorcerers], magicians, wizards, witches, enchanters, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromancy necromancers], conjurers, and soothsayers. As time passed, all such purported [[contact]] with the [[supernatural]] was classified either as witchcraft or shamancraft.

90:2.2 [[Ancient]] [[Occult|black art]], both religious and secular, was called white art when [[practiced]] by either [[priests]], seers, [[shamans]], or medicine men. The practitioners of the black art were called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcery sorcerers], magicians, wizards, witches, enchanters, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromancy necromancers], conjurers, and soothsayers. As time passed, all such purported [[contact]] with the [[supernatural]] was classified either as witchcraft or shamancraft.

90:2.3 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft Witchcraft] [[embraced]] the [[magic]] performed by earlier, irregular, and unrecognized spirits; shamancraft had to do with [[miracles]] performed by regular spirits and recognized gods of the [[tribe]]. In later times the witch became associated with the [[devil]], and thus was the [[stage]] set for the many comparatively recent exhibitions of [[religious]] [[intolerance]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft Witchcraft] was a [[religion]] with many [[primitive]] [[tribes]].

90:2.3 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft Witchcraft] [[embraced]] the [[magic]] performed by earlier, irregular, and unrecognized spirits; shamancraft had to do with [[miracles]] performed by regular spirits and recognized gods of the [[tribe]]. In later times the witch became associated with the [[devil]], and thus was the [[stage]] set for the many comparatively recent exhibitions of [[religious]] [[intolerance]]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft Witchcraft] was a [[religion]] with many [[primitive]] [[tribes]].

90:2.4 The [[shamans]] were great believers in the mission of [[chance]] as [[revelatory]] of the will of the spirits; they frequently [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_lots cast lots] to arrive at [[decisions]]. [[Modern]] survivals of this proclivity for casting lots are [[illustrated]], not only in the many [[games]] of [[chance]], but also in the well-known "counting-out"[http://www.inquiry.net/outdoor/summer/counting_out/index.htm] rhymes. Once, the [[person]] counted out must [[die]]; now, he is only it in some childish game. That which was serious [[business]] to [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive man] has [[survived]] as a diversion of the [[modern]] [[child]].

90:2.4 The [[shamans]] were great believers in the mission of [[chance]] as [[revelatory]] of the will of the spirits; they frequently [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_lots cast lots] to arrive at [[decisions]]. [[Modern]] survivals of this proclivity for casting lots are [[illustrated]], not only in the many [[games]] of [[chance]], but also in the well-known "counting-out"[https://www.inquiry.net/outdoor/summer/counting_out/index.htm] rhymes. Once, the [[person]] counted out must [[die]]; now, he is only it in some childish game. That which was serious [[business]] to [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive man] has [[survived]] as a diversion of the [[modern]] [[child]].

90:2.5 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_man medicine men] put great [[trust]] in signs and omens, such as, "When you hear the sound of a rustling in the tops of the mulberry trees, then shall you bestir yourself."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Second_Book_of_Samuel#Chapter_.5] Very early in the [[history]] of the [[race]] the [[shamans]] turned their [[attention]] to the [[stars]]. Primitive [[astrology]] was a world-wide [[belief]] and [[practice]]; [[dream]] [[interpreting]] also became widespread. All this was soon followed by the [[appearance]] of those temperamental shamanesses who professed to be able to [[communicate]] with the spirits of the [[dead]].

90:2.5 The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_man medicine men] put great [[trust]] in signs and omens, such as, "When you hear the sound of a rustling in the tops of the mulberry trees, then shall you bestir yourself."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Second_Book_of_Samuel#Chapter_.5] Very early in the [[history]] of the [[race]] the [[shamans]] turned their [[attention]] to the [[stars]]. Primitive [[astrology]] was a world-wide [[belief]] and [[practice]]; [[dream]] [[interpreting]] also became widespread. All this was soon followed by the [[appearance]] of those temperamental shamanesses who professed to be able to [[communicate]] with the spirits of the [[dead]].

90:2.6 Though of [[ancient]] [[origin]], the rain makers, or [[weather]] [[shamans]], have persisted right on down through the ages. A severe drought meant [[death]] to the early [[Farmer|agriculturists]]; [[weather]] [[control]] was the object of much [[ancient]] [[magic]]. Civilized man still makes the [[weather]] the common topic of [[conversation]]. The olden peoples all believed in the [[power]] of the [[shaman]] as a rain maker, but it was customary to kill him when he failed, unless he could offer a plausible excuse to account for the failure.

90:2.6 Though of [[ancient]] [[origin]], the rain makers, or [[weather]] [[shamans]], have persisted right on down through the ages. A severe drought meant [[death]] to the early [[Farmer|agriculturists]]; [[weather]] [[control]] was the object of much [[ancient]] [[magic]]. Civilized man still makes the [[weather]] the common topic of [[conversation]]. The olden peoples all believed in the [[power]] of the [[shaman]] as a rain maker, but it was customary to kill him when he failed, unless he could offer a plausible excuse to account for the failure.

90:2.7 Again and again did the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor#Lineages_and_epochs Caesars] banish the [[astrologers]], but they invariably returned because of the popular [[belief]] in their [[powers]]. They could not be driven out, and even in the sixteenth century after Christ the directors of Occidental [[church]] and [[state]] were the patrons of [[astrology]]. Thousands of supposedly [[intelligent]] people still believe that one may be born under the [[domination]] of a [[luck]]y or an unlucky star; that the [[juxtaposition]] of the heavenly bodies determines the outcome of various [[terrestrial]] [[adventures]]. Fortunetellers are still patronized by the credulous.

90:2.7 Again and again did the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor#Lineages_and_epochs Caesars] banish the [[astrologers]], but they invariably returned because of the popular [[belief]] in their [[powers]]. They could not be driven out, and even in the sixteenth century after Christ the directors of Occidental [[church]] and [[state]] were the patrons of [[astrology]]. Thousands of supposedly [[intelligent]] people still believe that one may be born under the [[domination]] of a [[luck]]y or an unlucky star; that the [[juxtaposition]] of the heavenly bodies determines the outcome of various [[terrestrial]] [[adventures]]. Fortunetellers are still patronized by the credulous.

90:2.8 The [[Greeks]] believed in the efficacy of [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Oracle_of_Delphi oracular] advice, the [[Chinese]] used [[magic]] as protection against [[demons]], [[shamanism]] flourished in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India], and it still openly persists in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia central Asia]. It is an only recently abandoned [[practice]] throughout much of the world.

90:2.8 The [[Greeks]] believed in the efficacy of [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Oracle_of_Delphi oracular] advice, the [[Chinese]] used [[magic]] as protection against [[demons]], [[shamanism]] flourished in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India], and it still openly persists in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia central Asia]. It is an only recently abandoned [[practice]] throughout much of the world.

90:2.9 Ever and anon, true [[prophets]] and teachers arose to denounce and expose [[shamanism]]. Even the vanishing red man had such a [[prophet]] within the past hundred years, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa Shawnee Teuskwatowa], who [[predicted]] the [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Feclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FSEsearch%2FSEsearchmap.php%3FEcl%3D-18080827&rct=j&q=eclipse%20of%201808&ei=riiITIqUPI329ASYwaHfDg&usg=AFQjCNHz5VOsvhNcM1-wllYQkm8xgLlrYg&sig2=Ej7xh3bdojezqIk8dXWg8A&cad=rja eclipse of the sun in 1808] and denounced the [[vices]] of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_80#80:9._THE_THREE_WHITE_RACES white man]. Many true teachers have appeared among the various [[tribes]] and races all through the long ages of [[evolutionary]] [[history]]. And they will ever continue to appear to [[challenge]] the [[shamans]] or [[priests]] of any age who oppose general [[education]] and attempt to thwart [[scientific]] [[progress]].

90:2.9 Ever and anon, true [[prophets]] and teachers arose to denounce and expose [[shamanism]]. Even the vanishing red man had such a [[prophet]] within the past hundred years, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa Shawnee Teuskwatowa], who [[predicted]] the [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Feclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FSEsearch%2FSEsearchmap.php%3FEcl%3D-18080827&rct=j&q=eclipse%20of%201808&ei=riiITIqUPI329ASYwaHfDg&usg=AFQjCNHz5VOsvhNcM1-wllYQkm8xgLlrYg&sig2=Ej7xh3bdojezqIk8dXWg8A&cad=rja eclipse of the sun in 1808] and denounced the [[vices]] of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_80#80:9._THE_THREE_WHITE_RACES white man]. Many true teachers have appeared among the various [[tribes]] and races all through the long ages of [[evolutionary]] [[history]]. And they will ever continue to appear to [[challenge]] the [[shamans]] or [[priests]] of any age who oppose general [[education]] and attempt to thwart [[scientific]] [[progress]].

90:2.10 In many ways and by devious [[methods]] the olden shamans [[established]] their reputations as [[voices]] of [[God]] and custodians of [[providence]]. They sprinkled the newborn with [[water]] and conferred [[names]] upon them; they [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision circumcised] the [[males]]. They presided over all [[burial]] [[ceremonies]] and made due announcement of the safe arrival of the dead in spiritland.

90:2.10 In many ways and by devious [[methods]] the olden shamans [[established]] their reputations as [[voices]] of [[God]] and custodians of [[providence]]. They sprinkled the newborn with [[water]] and conferred [[names]] upon them; they [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision circumcised] the [[males]]. They presided over all [[burial]] [[ceremonies]] and made due announcement of the safe arrival of the dead in spiritland.

90:2.11 The shamanic [[priests]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_man medicine men] often became very [[wealthy]] through the accretion of their various fees which were ostensibly offerings to the spirits. Not infrequently a [[shaman]] would accumulate practically all the material wealth of his [[tribe]]. Upon the [[death]] of a wealthy man it was customary to divide his property equally with the shaman and some [[public]] enterprise or [[charity]]. This [[practice]] still obtains in some parts of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet Tibet], where one half the [[male]] [[population]] belongs to this class of nonproducers.

90:2.11 The shamanic [[priests]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_man medicine men] often became very [[wealthy]] through the accretion of their various fees which were ostensibly offerings to the spirits. Not infrequently a [[shaman]] would accumulate practically all the material wealth of his [[tribe]]. Upon the [[death]] of a wealthy man it was customary to divide his property equally with the shaman and some [[public]] enterprise or [[charity]]. This [[practice]] still obtains in some parts of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet Tibet], where one half the [[male]] [[population]] belongs to this class of nonproducers.

90:2.12 The [[shamans]] dressed well and usually had a number of [[wives]]; they were the [[original]] [[aristocracy]], being exempt from all tribal restrictions. They were very often of low-grade [[mind]] and [[morals]]. They suppressed their rivals by denominating them witches or sorcerers and very frequently rose to such positions of [[influence]] and [[power]] that they were able to [[dominate]] the chiefs or kings.

90:2.12 The [[shamans]] dressed well and usually had a number of [[wives]]; they were the [[original]] [[aristocracy]], being exempt from all tribal restrictions. They were very often of low-grade [[mind]] and [[morals]]. They suppressed their rivals by denominating them witches or sorcerers and very frequently rose to such positions of [[influence]] and [[power]] that they were able to [[dominate]] the chiefs or kings.