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In [[sociology]] and [[critical social theory]], '''alienation''' refers to an individual's estrangement from traditional community and others in general. It is considered by many that the [[atomism]] of [[modernity|modern society]] means that individuals have shallower relations with other people than they would normally. This, it is argued, leads to difficulties in understanding and adapting to each other's uniqueness (see [[normlessness]]). It is also sometimes referred to as [[commodification]], emphasizing the compatibility of [[capitalism]] with alienation (a common theme of the early work of [[Karl Marx]]; see [[Marx's theory of alienation]]). Many sociologists of the late 19th and early 20th century were concerned about alienating effects of modernization. German sociologists [[Georg Simmel]] and [[Ferdinand Tönnies]] have written rather critical works on [[individualization]] and [[urbanization]]. Simmel's ''"[[Philosophie des Geldes]]"'' ("Philosophy of Money") describes how relationships become more and more mediated through money. Tönnies' ''"[[Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft|Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft]]"'' ("[[Community]] and [[Society]]") is about the loss of primary relationships such as [[family]] bonds in favour of [[Objective (goal)|goal]] oriented secondary [[Interpersonal relationship|relationships]]. The American sociologist [[C. Wright Mills]] conducted a major study of alienation in modern society with "White Collar", 1951, describing how modern consumption-capitalism have shaped a society where you have to sell

In [[sociology]] and [[critical social theory]], '''alienation''' refers to an individual's estrangement from traditional community and others in general. It is considered by many that the [[atomism]] of [[modernity|modern society]] means that individuals have shallower relations with other people than they would normally. This, it is argued, leads to difficulties in understanding and adapting to each other's uniqueness (see [[normlessness]]). It is also sometimes referred to as [[commodification]], emphasizing the compatibility of [[capitalism]] with alienation (a common theme of the early work of [[Karl Marx]]; see [[Marx's theory of alienation]]). Many sociologists of the late 19th and early 20th century were concerned about alienating effects of modernization. German sociologists [[Georg Simmel]] and [[Ferdinand Tönnies]] have written rather critical works on [[individualization]] and [[urbanization]]. Simmel's ''"[[Philosophie des Geldes]]"'' ("Philosophy of Money") describes how relationships become more and more mediated through money. Tönnies' ''"[[Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft|Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft]]"'' ("[[Community]] and [[Society]]") is about the loss of primary relationships such as [[family]] bonds in favour of [[Objective (goal)|goal]] oriented secondary [[Interpersonal relationship|relationships]]. The American sociologist [[C. Wright Mills]] conducted a major study of alienation in modern society with "White Collar", 1951, describing how modern consumption-capitalism have shaped a society where you have to sell