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'''Analogy''' is both the cognitive process of transferring [[information]] from a particular subject (the analogue or source) to another particular subject (the target), and a [[language|linguistic]] expression corresponding to such a process. In a narrower sense, analogy is an [[inference]] or an argument from one particular to another particular, as opposed to deduction, induction, and abduction, where at least one of the premises or the conclusion is general. The word ''analogy'' can also refer to the relation between the source and the target themselves, which is often, though not necessarily, a similarity, as in the biological notion of analogy.

'''Analogy''' is both the cognitive process of transferring [[information]] from a particular subject (the analogue or source) to another particular subject (the target), and a [[language|linguistic]] expression corresponding to such a process. In a narrower sense, analogy is an [[inference]] or an argument from one particular to another particular, as opposed to deduction, induction, and abduction, where at least one of the premises or the conclusion is general. The word ''analogy'' can also refer to the relation between the source and the target themselves, which is often, though not necessarily, a similarity, as in the biological notion of analogy.

Analogy has been studied and discussed since [[classical antiquity]] by philosophers, scientists and [[law]]yers. The last few decades have shown a renewed interest in analogy, most notable in [[cognitive science]].

Analogy has been studied and discussed since [[classical antiquity]] by philosophers, scientists and [[law]]yers. The last few decades have shown a renewed interest in analogy, most notable in [[cognitive science]].

==Usage of the terms ''source'' and ''target''==

==Usage of the terms ''source'' and ''target''==

==External links and references==

==External links and references==

* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-09 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas:''] Analogy in Early Greek Thought.

* [https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-09 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas:''] Analogy in Early Greek Thought.

* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-10 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Analogy in Patristic and Medieval Thought.

* [https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-10 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Analogy in Patristic and Medieval Thought.

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analogy-medieval/ ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'':] Medieval Theories of Analogy.

* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analogy-medieval/ ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'':] Medieval Theories of Analogy.

*[http://www.psych.northwestern.edu/psych/people/faculty/gentner/publications2.htm Dedre Gentner's publications page], most of them on analogy and available for download.

*[https://www.psych.northwestern.edu/psych/people/faculty/gentner/publications2.htm Dedre Gentner's publications page], most of them on analogy and available for download.

*[http://www.coe.uga.edu/twa/ Shawn Glynn’s publications page], all on teaching with analogies and some available for download.  

*[https://www.coe.uga.edu/twa/ Shawn Glynn’s publications page], all on teaching with analogies and some available for download.  

*[http://reasoninglab.psych.ucla.edu/KeithPublications.htm Keith Holyoak's publications page], many on analogy and available for download.

*[https://reasoninglab.psych.ucla.edu/KeithPublications.htm Keith Holyoak's publications page], many on analogy and available for download.

* Chalmers, D.J. et al. (1991).  Chalmers, D.J., French, R.M., Hofstadter, D., [http://consc.net/papers/highlevel.pdf High-Level Perception, Representation, and Analogy].

* Chalmers, D.J. et al. (1991).  Chalmers, D.J., French, R.M., Hofstadter, D., [https://consc.net/papers/highlevel.pdf High-Level Perception, Representation, and Analogy].

* Forbus, K.  et al. (1998). [http://www.psych.northwestern.edu/psych/people/faculty/gentner/newpdfpapers/ForbusGentner98.pdf Analogy just looks like high-level perception].

* Forbus, K.  et al. (1998). [https://www.psych.northwestern.edu/psych/people/faculty/gentner/newpdfpapers/ForbusGentner98.pdf Analogy just looks like high-level perception].

* Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.J., Kokinov, B. (Eds.) (2001). [http://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/view?isbn=0262571390 The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science.] Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-57139-0

* Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.J., Kokinov, B. (Eds.) (2001). [https://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/view?isbn=0262571390 The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science.] Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-57139-0

* Hofstadter, D. (2001). [http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/hofstadter/analogy.html Analogy as the Core of Cognition], in [[Dedre Gentner]], [[Keith Holyoak]], and [[Boicho Kokinov]] (eds.) The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press/[[Bradford Book]], 2001, pp. 499-538.

* Hofstadter, D. (2001). [https://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/hofstadter/analogy.html Analogy as the Core of Cognition], in [[Dedre Gentner]], [[Keith Holyoak]], and [[Boicho Kokinov]] (eds.) The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press/[[Bradford Book]], 2001, pp. 499-538.

* Holland, J.H., Holyoak, K.J., Nisbett, R.E., and Thagard, P. (1986).  [http://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/view?isbn=0262580969 Induction:  Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery]. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-58096-9.

* Holland, J.H., Holyoak, K.J., Nisbett, R.E., and Thagard, P. (1986).  [https://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/view?isbn=0262580969 Induction:  Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery]. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-58096-9.

* Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1995). [http://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/view?isbn=0262581442 Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought]. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-58144-2.

* Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1995). [https://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/view?isbn=0262581442 Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought]. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-58144-2.

* Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1997). [http://cogsci.uwaterloo.ca/Articles/Pages/Analog.Mind.html The Analogical Mind].

* Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1997). [https://cogsci.uwaterloo.ca/Articles/Pages/Analog.Mind.html The Analogical Mind].

*Hummel, J.E., and Holyoak, K.J. (2005). [http://reasoninglab.psych.ucla.edu/KH%20pdfs/hummel&holyoak_cdips_2005.pdf Relational Reasoning in a Neurally Plausible Cognitive Architecture]

*Hummel, J.E., and Holyoak, K.J. (2005). [https://reasoninglab.psych.ucla.edu/KH%20pdfs/hummel&holyoak_cdips_2005.pdf Relational Reasoning in a Neurally Plausible Cognitive Architecture]

* Itkonen, E. (2005). Analogy as Structure and Process.  Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

* Itkonen, E. (2005). Analogy as Structure and Process.  Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

* Juthe, A. (2005). [http://www.cs.hut.fi/Opinnot/T-93.850/2005/Papers/juthe2005-analogy.pdf "Argument by Analogy"], in Argumentation (2005) 19: 1–27.

* Juthe, A. (2005). [https://www.cs.hut.fi/Opinnot/T-93.850/2005/Papers/juthe2005-analogy.pdf "Argument by Analogy"], in Argumentation (2005) 19: 1–27.

* Lamond, G. (2006). [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-reas-prec/ Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning], in [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]].

* Lamond, G. (2006). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-reas-prec/ Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning], in [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]].

*Langacker, Ronald W. (1987). Foundations of Cognitive grammar. Vol. I, Theoretical prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

*Langacker, Ronald W. (1987). Foundations of Cognitive grammar. Vol. I, Theoretical prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

* Little, J. (2000). Analogy in Science: Where Do We Go From Here? Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 30, 69-92.

* Little, J. (2000). Analogy in Science: Where Do We Go From Here? Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 30, 69-92.

* Little, J. (2008). The Role of Analogy in George Gamow's Derivation of Drop Energy. Technical Communication Quarterly, 17, 1-19.

* Little, J. (2008). The Role of Analogy in George Gamow's Derivation of Drop Energy. Technical Communication Quarterly, 17, 1-19.

* Morrison, C., and Dietrich, E. (1995). [http://eksl.cs.umass.edu/~clayton/publications/CogSci95/SM-v-HLP.pdf Structure-Mapping vs. High-level Perception].

* Morrison, C., and Dietrich, E. (1995). [https://eksl.cs.umass.edu/~clayton/publications/CogSci95/SM-v-HLP.pdf Structure-Mapping vs. High-level Perception].

* Shelley, C. (2003). Multiple analogies in Science and Philosophy. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

* Shelley, C. (2003). Multiple analogies in Science and Philosophy. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

* Turney, P.D., and Littman, M.L. (2005). [http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.LG/0508103 Corpus-based learning of analogies and semantic relations]. Machine Learning, 60 (1-3), 251-278.

* Turney, P.D. (2006). [http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.CL/0608100 Similarity of semantic relations]. Computational Linguistics, 32 (3), 379-416.

* Turney, P.D., and Littman, M.L. (2005). [https://arxiv.org/abs/cs.LG/0508103 Corpus-based learning of analogies and semantic relations]. Machine Learning, 60 (1-3), 251-278.

* Turney, P.D. (2006). [https://arxiv.org/abs/cs.CL/0608100 Similarity of semantic relations]. Computational Linguistics, 32 (3), 379-416.

Applications and examples

Applications and examples

* [http://student.dei.uc.pt/~racosta/jmapper jMapper - Java Library for Analogy/Metaphor Generation]

* [https://student.dei.uc.pt/~racosta/jmapper jMapper - Java Library for Analogy/Metaphor Generation]