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Although many naturalists have studied aspects of animal behavior through the centuries, the modern [[discipline]] of ethology is usually considered to have arisen with the work in the 1930s of Dutch biologist [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]] and Austrian biologist [[Konrad Lorenz]], joint winners of the 1973 [[Nobel Prize]] in medicine. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field [[science]], with strong ties to certain other [[disciplines]] — e.g., neuroanatomy, [[ecology]], [[evolution]]. Ethologists are typically interested in a behavioral [[process]] rather than in a particular animal group and often study one type of behavior (e.g. aggression) in a number of unrelated animals.

Although many naturalists have studied aspects of animal behavior through the centuries, the modern [[discipline]] of ethology is usually considered to have arisen with the work in the 1930s of Dutch biologist [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]] and Austrian biologist [[Konrad Lorenz]], joint winners of the 1973 [[Nobel Prize]] in medicine. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field [[science]], with strong ties to certain other [[disciplines]] — e.g., neuroanatomy, [[ecology]], [[evolution]]. Ethologists are typically interested in a behavioral [[process]] rather than in a particular animal group and often study one type of behavior (e.g. aggression) in a number of unrelated animals.

<center>For lessons on the topic of Animal nature, follow this link.</center>

<center>For lessons on the related [[topic]] of '''''Animals''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Animals this link].</center>

The desire to understand the animal world has made ethology a rapidly growing field, and since the turn of the 21st century, many prior understandings related to diverse fields such as animal [[communication]], [[personal]] [[symbolic]] name use, animal [[emotion]]s, animal [[culture]] and learning, and even [[sexuality|sexual conduct]], long thought to be well understood, have been revolutionized, as have new fields such as neuroethology.

The desire to understand the animal world has made ethology a rapidly growing field, and since the turn of the 21st century, many prior understandings related to diverse fields such as animal [[communication]], [[personal]] [[symbolic]] name use, animal [[emotion]]s, animal [[culture]] and learning, and even [[sexuality|sexual conduct]], long thought to be well understood, have been revolutionized, as have new fields such as neuroethology.

Indeed, [[E. O. Wilson]]'s book ''Sociobiology: The New Synthesis'' appeared in 1975, and since that time the study of behaviour has been much more concerned with social aspects. It has also been driven by the stronger, but more sophisticated, Darwinism associated with Wilson and [[Richard Dawkins]]. The related development of behavioural [[ecology]] has also helped transform ethology. Furthermore, a substantial rapprochement with comparative [[psychology]] has occurred, so the modern scientific study of behaviour offers a more or less seamless [[spectrum]] of approaches – from animal [[cognition]] to more traditional comparative psychology, ethology, sociobiology and behavioural ecology. Sociobiology has more recently developed into evolutionary psychology.

Indeed, [[E. O. Wilson]]'s book ''Sociobiology: The New Synthesis'' appeared in 1975, and since that time the study of behaviour has been much more concerned with social aspects. It has also been driven by the stronger, but more sophisticated, Darwinism associated with Wilson and [[Richard Dawkins]]. The related development of behavioural [[ecology]] has also helped transform ethology. Furthermore, a substantial rapprochement with comparative [[psychology]] has occurred, so the modern scientific study of behaviour offers a more or less seamless [[spectrum]] of approaches – from animal [[cognition]] to more traditional comparative psychology, ethology, sociobiology and behavioural ecology. Sociobiology has more recently developed into evolutionary psychology.

==Quote==

==Quote==

In the [[mind]]'s eye conjure up a picture of one of your primitive ancestors of cave-dwelling times--a short, misshapen, filthy, snarling hulk of a man standing, legs spread, club upraised, breathing hate and animosity as he looks fiercely just ahead. Such a picture hardly depicts the [[divinity|divine dignity of man]]. But allow us to enlarge the picture. In front of this animated [[human]] crouches a saber-toothed tiger. Behind him, a woman and two children. Immediately you recognize that such a picture stands for the beginnings of much that is fine and noble in the human [[race]], but the man is the same in both pictures. Only in the second sketch you are favored with a widened horizon. You therein discern the motivation of this evolving mortal. His attitude becomes praiseworthy because you understand him. If you could only fathom the motives of your associates, how much better you would understand them. If you could only know your fellows, you would eventually fall in [[love]] with them.[http://urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=http://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper100.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper100.html&line=85#mfs]

In the [[mind]]'s eye conjure up a picture of one of your primitive ancestors of cave-dwelling times--a short, misshapen, filthy, snarling hulk of a man standing, legs spread, club upraised, breathing hate and animosity as he looks fiercely just ahead. Such a picture hardly depicts the [[divinity|divine dignity of man]]. But allow us to enlarge the picture. In front of this animated [[human]] crouches a saber-toothed tiger. Behind him, a woman and two children. Immediately you recognize that such a picture stands for the beginnings of much that is fine and noble in the human [[race]], but the man is the same in both pictures. Only in the second sketch you are favored with a widened horizon. You therein discern the motivation of this evolving mortal. His attitude becomes praiseworthy because you understand him. If you could only fathom the motives of your associates, how much better you would understand them. If you could only know your fellows, you would eventually fall in [[love]] with them.[https://urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=https://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper100.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper100.html&line=85#mfs]

==Notes==

==Notes==

* "Super-real object" is an object that causes an abnormally strong response in an animal. An example of this is the design of dummies that mimic and over-stress the key characteristics of individuals in certain species causing animals to direct behaviour to the super-real object and ignore the real object. A super-real object may cause pathologies and we can see many examples in humans (super-sweet food, super-big female traits, super-relaxing drugs, etc.). See the book, Foundations of Ethology by Konrad Lorenz.

* "Super-real object" is an object that causes an abnormally strong response in an animal. An example of this is the design of dummies that mimic and over-stress the key characteristics of individuals in certain species causing animals to direct behaviour to the super-real object and ignore the real object. A super-real object may cause pathologies and we can see many examples in humans (super-sweet food, super-big female traits, super-relaxing drugs, etc.). See the book, Foundations of Ethology by Konrad Lorenz.

* Deleuze draws upon the notions of ethology in his book "''Spinoza: Practical Philosophy''" to develop his [[ontology]], most specifically in reference to the plane of [[immanence]].

* Deleuze draws upon the notions of ethology in his book "''Spinoza: Practical Philosophy''" to develop his [[ontology]], most specifically in reference to the plane of [[immanence]].

==References==

==References==

==External links==

==External links==

===General===

===General===

*[http://www.kli.ac.at/ Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognitive Research (KLI)]

*[https://www.kli.ac.at/ Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognitive Research (KLI)]

*[http://www.indiana.edu/~animal/ Center for the Integrative Study of Animal behaviour (CISAB)]

*[https://www.indiana.edu/~animal/ Center for the Integrative Study of Animal behaviour (CISAB)]

*[http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Ethology/introduction_to_ethology.htm Introduction to ethology]

*[https://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Ethology/introduction_to_ethology.htm Introduction to ethology]

*[http://www.usask.ca/wcvm/herdmed/applied-ethology/ Applied Ethology]

*[https://www.usask.ca/wcvm/herdmed/applied-ethology/ Applied Ethology]

*[http://evolution.anthro.univie.ac.at/ishe/ The International Society for Human Ethology] — aims at promoting ethological perspectives in the scientific study of humans worldwide

*[https://evolution.anthro.univie.ac.at/ishe/ The International Society for Human Ethology] — aims at promoting ethological perspectives in the scientific study of humans worldwide

*[http://www.behav.org/IEC/default.php/ Abstracts of the XXIX Ethological Conference]

*[https://www.behav.org/IEC/default.php/ Abstracts of the XXIX Ethological Conference]

===Diagrams on Tinbergen's four questions===

===Diagrams on Tinbergen's four questions===

*[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~nesse/fourquestions.pdf The Four Areas of Biology]

*[https://www-personal.umich.edu/~nesse/fourquestions.pdf The Four Areas of Biology]

*[http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c720126/humanethologie/ws/medicus/block1/4BQ_E.pdf The Four Areas of Biology AND levels of inquiry]

*[https://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c720126/humanethologie/ws/medicus/block1/4BQ_E.pdf The Four Areas of Biology AND levels of inquiry]

[[Category: Biology]]

[[Category: Biology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]