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Autistic individuals display many forms of repetitive or restricted behavior, which the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R)[32] categorizes as follows.
Autistic individuals display many forms of repetitive or restricted behavior, which the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R)[32] categorizes as follows.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypy Stereotypy] is repetitive movement, such as hand flapping, making [[sounds]], head rolling, or [[body]] rocking.
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypy Stereotypy] is repetitive movement, such as hand flapping, making [[sounds]], head rolling, or [[body]] rocking.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_behavior Compulsive behavior] is intended and appears to follow rules, such as arranging objects in stacks or lines.
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_behavior Compulsive behavior] is intended and appears to follow rules, such as arranging objects in stacks or lines.
*Sameness is resistance to change; for example, insisting that the furniture not be moved or refusing to be interrupted.
*Sameness is resistance to change; for example, insisting that the furniture not be moved or refusing to be interrupted.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual#Psychology Ritualistic behavior] involves an unvarying [[pattern]] of daily activities, such as an unchanging menu or a dressing [[ritual]]. This is closely associated with sameness and an independent validation has suggested combining the two factors.[32]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual#Psychology Ritualistic behavior] involves an unvarying [[pattern]] of daily activities, such as an unchanging menu or a dressing [[ritual]]. This is closely associated with sameness and an independent validation has suggested combining the two factors.[32]
*Restricted behavior is limited in [[focus]], interest, or activity, such as preoccupation with a single television program, toy, or game.
*Restricted behavior is limited in [[focus]], interest, or activity, such as preoccupation with a single television program, toy, or game.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-injury Self-injury] includes movements that injure or can injure the [[person]], such as eye poking, skin picking, hand biting, and head banging.[3] A 2007 study reported that self-injury at some point affected about 30% of children with ASD.[25]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-injury Self-injury] includes movements that injure or can injure the [[person]], such as eye poking, skin picking, hand biting, and head banging.[3] A 2007 study reported that self-injury at some point affected about 30% of children with ASD.[25]
No single repetitive behavior seems to be specific to autism, but only autism appears to have an elevated pattern of occurrence and severity of these behaviors.[33]
No single repetitive behavior seems to be specific to autism, but only autism appears to have an elevated pattern of occurrence and severity of these behaviors.[33]
==Other symptoms==
==Other symptoms==
Autistic [[individuals]] may have symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis, but that can affect the individual or the [[family]].[17] An estimated 0.5% to 10% of individuals with ASD show unusual abilities, ranging from splinter skills such as the [[memorization]] of trivia to the extraordinarily rare talents of prodigious [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome autistic savants].[34] Many individuals with ASD show superior skills in [[perception]] and [[attention]], [[relative]] to the general [[population]].[35] Sensory abnormalities are found in over 90% of those with autism, and are considered core features by some,[36] although there is no good [[evidence]] that sensory symptoms differentiate autism from other developmental disorders.[37] Differences are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into [[things]]) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud [[noise]]s) or for sensation seeking (for example, [[rhythm]]ic movements).[38] An estimated 60%–80% of autistic people have motor signs that include poor muscle tone, poor motor planning, and toe walking;[36] ASD is not associated with severe motor disturbances.[39]
Autistic [[individuals]] may have symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis, but that can affect the individual or the [[family]].[17] An estimated 0.5% to 10% of individuals with ASD show unusual abilities, ranging from splinter skills such as the [[memorization]] of trivia to the extraordinarily rare talents of prodigious [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome autistic savants].[34] Many individuals with ASD show superior skills in [[perception]] and [[attention]], [[relative]] to the general [[population]].[35] Sensory abnormalities are found in over 90% of those with autism, and are considered core features by some,[36] although there is no good [[evidence]] that sensory symptoms differentiate autism from other developmental disorders.[37] Differences are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into [[things]]) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud [[noise]]s) or for sensation seeking (for example, [[rhythm]]ic movements).[38] An estimated 60%–80% of autistic people have motor signs that include poor muscle tone, poor motor planning, and toe walking;[36] ASD is not associated with severe motor disturbances.[39]
Unusual eating behavior occurs in about three-quarters of children with ASD, to the extent that it was formerly a diagnostic indicator. Selectivity is the most common problem, although eating rituals and food refusal also occur;[25] this does not appear to result in malnutrition. Although some children with autism also have gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, there is a lack of published rigorous [[data]] to support the [[theory]] that autistic children have more or different GI symptoms than usual;[40] studies report conflicting results, and the [[relationship]] between GI problems and ASD is unclear.[9]
Unusual eating behavior occurs in about three-quarters of children with ASD, to the extent that it was formerly a diagnostic indicator. Selectivity is the most common problem, although eating rituals and food refusal also occur;[25] this does not appear to result in malnutrition. Although some children with autism also have gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, there is a lack of published rigorous [[data]] to support the [[theory]] that autistic children have more or different GI symptoms than usual;[40] studies report conflicting results, and the [[relationship]] between GI problems and ASD is unclear.[9]
At some point in childhood, about two-thirds of individuals with ASD are affected by sleep problems; these most commonly include symptoms of [[insomnia]] such as difficulty in falling asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and early morning awakenings. Sleep problems are associated with difficult behaviors and family [[stress]], and are often a [[focus]] of clinical attention over and above the primary ASD diagnosis.[41]
At some point in childhood, about two-thirds of individuals with ASD are affected by sleep problems; these most commonly include symptoms of [[insomnia]] such as difficulty in falling asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and early morning awakenings. Sleep problems are associated with difficult behaviors and family [[stress]], and are often a [[focus]] of clinical attention over and above the primary ASD diagnosis.[41]
Parents of children with ASD have higher levels of stress.[42] Siblings of children with ASD report greater admiration of and less conflict with the affected sibling than siblings of unaffected children or those with Down syndrome; siblings of individuals with ASD have greater risk of negative well-being and poorer sibling relationships as adults.[43][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism]
Parents of children with ASD have higher levels of stress.[42] Siblings of children with ASD report greater admiration of and less conflict with the affected sibling than siblings of unaffected children or those with Down syndrome; siblings of individuals with ASD have greater risk of negative well-being and poorer sibling relationships as adults.[43][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism]
==External links==
==External links==
* '''''Wikimedia Commons''''' has media related to: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Autism Autism]
* '''''Wikimedia Commons''''' has media related to: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Autism Autism]
*[http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Neurodevelopmental/Autism_Spectrum/ Autism] at the '''''Open Directory Project'''''
*[https://www.dmoz.org/Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Neurodevelopmental/Autism_Spectrum/ Autism] at the '''''Open Directory Project'''''
[[Category: Health]]
[[Category: Health]]
[[Category: Psychology]]
[[Category: Psychology]]