Changes

Biology as a separate [[science]] was developed in the nineteenth century, as scientists discovered that organisms shared fundamental characteristics.  Biology is now a standard subject of instruction at schools and universities around the world, and over a million papers are published annually in a wide array of biology and medicine [[Academic journal|journals]]. Biology: A Functional Approach. Thomas Nelson and Sons ISBN 978-0174480358

Biology as a separate [[science]] was developed in the nineteenth century, as scientists discovered that organisms shared fundamental characteristics.  Biology is now a standard subject of instruction at schools and universities around the world, and over a million papers are published annually in a wide array of biology and medicine [[Academic journal|journals]]. Biology: A Functional Approach. Thomas Nelson and Sons ISBN 978-0174480358

<center>For lessons on the related [[topic]] of '''''[[DNA]]''''', follow [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:DNA '''''this link'''''].</center>

<center>For lessons on the related [[topic]] of '''''[[DNA]]''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:DNA '''''this link'''''].</center>

Most biological sciences are specialized disciplines. Traditionally, they are grouped by the type of organism being studied: [[botany]], the study of plants; [[zoology]], the study of animals; and [[microbiology]], the study of microorganisms.  The fields within biology are further divided based on the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them:  [[biochemistry]] examines the fundamental chemistry of life; [[molecular biology]] studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules; [[cellular biology]] examines the basic building block of all life, the [[cell (biology)|cell]];  [[physiology]] examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues and organ systems of an organism; and [[ecology]] examines how various organisms and their environment interrelate.

Most biological sciences are specialized disciplines. Traditionally, they are grouped by the type of organism being studied: [[botany]], the study of plants; [[zoology]], the study of animals; and [[microbiology]], the study of microorganisms.  The fields within biology are further divided based on the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them:  [[biochemistry]] examines the fundamental chemistry of life; [[molecular biology]] studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules; [[cellular biology]] examines the basic building block of all life, the [[cell (biology)|cell]];  [[physiology]] examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues and organ systems of an organism; and [[ecology]] examines how various organisms and their environment interrelate.

Traditionally, living things have been divided into five kingdoms (Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth  ISBN 978-0716731832)

Traditionally, living things have been divided into five kingdoms (Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth  ISBN 978-0716731832)

However, many scientists now consider this five-kingdom system to be outdated. Modern alternative classification systems generally begin with the [[three-domain system]][http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576]  

However, many scientists now consider this five-kingdom system to be outdated. Modern alternative classification systems generally begin with the [[three-domain system]][https://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576]  

These domains reflect whether the cells have nuclei or not, as well as differences in the cell exteriors.

These domains reflect whether the cells have nuclei or not, as well as differences in the cell exteriors.

==External links==

==External links==

*[http://www.dnalc.org/ The Dolan DNA Learning Center: The source for timely information about your life]

*[https://www.dnalc.org/ The Dolan DNA Learning Center: The source for timely information about your life]

*[http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/index.html OSU's Phylocode]

*[https://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/index.html OSU's Phylocode]

*[http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html ''The Tree of Life'']: A multi-authored, distributed Internet project containing information about phylogeny and biodiversity.

*[https://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html ''The Tree of Life'']: A multi-authored, distributed Internet project containing information about phylogeny and biodiversity.

*[http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Biology/7-012Fall-2004/VideoLectures/ MIT video lecture series on biology]

*[https://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Biology/7-012Fall-2004/VideoLectures/ MIT video lecture series on biology]

*[http://www.openwetware.org A wiki site for protocol sharing run from MIT].

*[https://www.openwetware.org A wiki site for protocol sharing run from MIT].

*[http://www.bioeticaunbosque.edu.co/english/ Biology and Bioethics].

*[https://www.bioeticaunbosque.edu.co/english/ Biology and Bioethics].

*[http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/ Biology online wiki dictionary].

*[https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/ Biology online wiki dictionary].

*[http://bio-alive.com/ Biology Video Sharing Community].

*[https://bio-alive.com/ Biology Video Sharing Community].

===Journal links===

===Journal links===

*[http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=index-html&issn=1545-7885 PLos Biology] A peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Public Library of Science

*[https://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=index-html&issn=1545-7885 PLos Biology] A peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Public Library of Science

*[http://www.biolsci.org International Journal of Biological Sciences] A biological journal publishes peer-reviewed scientific papers of significance

*[https://www.biolsci.org International Journal of Biological Sciences] A biological journal publishes peer-reviewed scientific papers of significance

*[http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/index.html Perspectives in Biology and Medicine]

*[https://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/index.html Perspectives in Biology and Medicine]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: Biology]]

[[Category: Biology]]