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'''Causality'''  denotes a necessary relationship between one event (called cause) and another event called effect which is the direct  consequence (result) of the first. [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=Causality&x=35&y=25 Random House Unabridged Dictionary]

'''Causality'''  denotes a necessary relationship between one event (called cause) and another event called effect which is the direct  consequence (result) of the first. [https://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=Causality&x=35&y=25 Random House Unabridged Dictionary]

While this informal understanding will suffice in everyday use, the [[Philosophy|philosophical]] [[analysis]] of causality has proven difficult. The work of philosophers to understand causality and how best to characterize it extends over millennia. In the western philosophical [[tradition]] explicit [[inquiry|discussion]] stretches back at least as far as [[Aristotle]], and the topic remains a staple in contemporary philosophy journals. Though cause and effect are typically related to events, other candidates include processes, properties, variables, [[fact]]s, and states of affairs; which of these comprise the correct causal relata, and how best to characterize the [[nature]] of the relationship between them, has as yet no [[universal]]ly accepted answer, and remains under discussion.

While this informal understanding will suffice in everyday use, the [[Philosophy|philosophical]] [[analysis]] of causality has proven difficult. The work of philosophers to understand causality and how best to characterize it extends over millennia. In the western philosophical [[tradition]] explicit [[inquiry|discussion]] stretches back at least as far as [[Aristotle]], and the topic remains a staple in contemporary philosophy journals. Though cause and effect are typically related to events, other candidates include processes, properties, variables, [[fact]]s, and states of affairs; which of these comprise the correct causal relata, and how best to characterize the [[nature]] of the relationship between them, has as yet no [[universal]]ly accepted answer, and remains under discussion.

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Causality''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Causality '''''this link'''''].</center>

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Causality''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Causality '''''this link'''''].</center>

According to John F. Sowa (2000),[http://www.jfsowa.com/ontology/causal.htm Processes and Causality] up until the twentieth century, three assumptions described by Max Born in 1949 were dominant in the definition of causality:

According to John F. Sowa (2000),[https://www.jfsowa.com/ontology/causal.htm Processes and Causality] up until the twentieth century, three assumptions described by Max Born in 1949 were dominant in the definition of causality:

#"Causality postulates that there are laws by which the occurrence of an entity B of a certain class depends on the occurrence of an entity A of another class, where the word entity means any physical object, [[phenomenon]], situation, or event. A is called the cause, B the effect.

#"Causality postulates that there are laws by which the occurrence of an entity B of a certain class depends on the occurrence of an entity A of another class, where the word entity means any physical object, [[phenomenon]], situation, or event. A is called the cause, B the effect.

====Causality, determinism, and existentialism====

====Causality, determinism, and existentialism====

Causality has taken many journeys in the [[mind]]s of men for over 3000 years.[http://www.realitycharting.com/root-cause-analysis/causal-thinking] Determinism and existentialism are but a few of the manifestations of this journey.

Causality has taken many journeys in the [[mind]]s of men for over 3000 years.[https://www.realitycharting.com/root-cause-analysis/causal-thinking] Determinism and existentialism are but a few of the manifestations of this journey.

The [[determinism|deterministic]] world-view is one in which the [[universe]] is no more than a chain of events following one after another according to the law of cause and effect. To hold this [[frame of reference|worldview]], as an incompatibilist, there is no such thing as "[[free will]]". However, compatibilists argue that determinism is compatible with, or even necessary for, free will.

The [[determinism|deterministic]] world-view is one in which the [[universe]] is no more than a chain of events following one after another according to the law of cause and effect. To hold this [[frame of reference|worldview]], as an incompatibilist, there is no such thing as "[[free will]]". However, compatibilists argue that determinism is compatible with, or even necessary for, free will.

===Biology and medicine===

===Biology and medicine===

A. B. Hill built upon the work of [[David Hume]] and [[Karl Popper]] and suggested that the following aspects of an association be considered in attempting to distinguish causal from noncausal associations: 1) strength, 2) consistency, 3) specificity, 4) temporality, 5) biological gradient, 6) plausibility, 7) coherence, 8) experimental evidence, and 9) analogy.[http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/bwho/v83n10/v83n10a18.pdf]  

A. B. Hill built upon the work of [[David Hume]] and [[Karl Popper]] and suggested that the following aspects of an association be considered in attempting to distinguish causal from noncausal associations: 1) strength, 2) consistency, 3) specificity, 4) temporality, 5) biological gradient, 6) plausibility, 7) coherence, 8) experimental evidence, and 9) analogy.[https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/bwho/v83n10/v83n10a18.pdf]  

====Psychology====

====Psychology====

# How does an event without a cause occur?

# How does an event without a cause occur?

Critics of this argument point out problems with it. The Big Bang theory states that it is the point in which all [[dimensions]] came into existence, the start of both [[Spacetime|space and time]]. Then, the question "What was there before the Universe?" makes no sense; the concept of "before" becomes meaningless when considering a situation without time, and thus the concepts of cause and effect so necessary to the cosmological argument no longer apply. This has been put forward by Stephen Hawking, who said that asking what occurred before the Big Bang is like asking what is north of the North Pole. However, some cosmologists and physicists do attempt to investigate what could have occurred before the Big Bang, using such scenarios as the collision of branes to give a cause for the Big Bang.[http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/bigbang_alternative_010413-3.html]

Critics of this argument point out problems with it. The Big Bang theory states that it is the point in which all [[dimensions]] came into existence, the start of both [[Spacetime|space and time]]. Then, the question "What was there before the Universe?" makes no sense; the concept of "before" becomes meaningless when considering a situation without time, and thus the concepts of cause and effect so necessary to the cosmological argument no longer apply. This has been put forward by Stephen Hawking, who said that asking what occurred before the Big Bang is like asking what is north of the North Pole. However, some cosmologists and physicists do attempt to investigate what could have occurred before the Big Bang, using such scenarios as the collision of branes to give a cause for the Big Bang.[https://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/bigbang_alternative_010413-3.html]

'''Karma'''

'''Karma'''

# Salmon, W. (1984) Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World. Princeton University Press.

# Salmon, W. (1984) Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World. Princeton University Press.

# Russell, B. (1948) Human Knowledge. Simon and Schuster.

# Russell, B. (1948) Human Knowledge. Simon and Schuster.

# Hill, A. B. (1965). "The environment and disease: association or causation?". Proc R Soc Med 58: 295–300. http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/bwho/v83n10/v83n10a18.pdf.  

# Hill, A. B. (1965). "The environment and disease: association or causation?". Proc R Soc Med 58: 295–300. https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/bwho/v83n10/v83n10a18.pdf.  

# Cheng, P.W. (1997). "From Covariation to Causation: A Causal Power Theory." Psychological Review 104: 367-405.

# Cheng, P.W. (1997). "From Covariation to Causation: A Causal Power Theory." Psychological Review 104: 367-405.

# Griffiths, T.L., & Tenenbaum, J.B. (2005). "Strength and Structure in Causal Induction." Cognitive Psychology 51: 334-384.

# Griffiths, T.L., & Tenenbaum, J.B. (2005). "Strength and Structure in Causal Induction." Cognitive Psychology 51: 334-384.

# "Fr John Laux, M.A. "Catholic Apologetics. A Course in Religion" Tan Books and Publishers, INC. Rockford, Illinois 61105

# "Fr John Laux, M.A. "Catholic Apologetics. A Course in Religion" Tan Books and Publishers, INC. Rockford, Illinois 61105

# Britt, Robert R. "'Brane-Storm' Challenges Part of Big Bang Theory." Space.com. 18 Apr. 2001. 21 Jun. 2008 <http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/bigbang_alternative_010413-3.html

# Britt, Robert R. "'Brane-Storm' Challenges Part of Big Bang Theory." Space.com. 18 Apr. 2001. 21 Jun. 2008 <https://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/bigbang_alternative_010413-3.html

===Other references===

===Other references===

* [[Judea Pearl]] (2000) ''Causality: Models of Reasoning and Inference'' [http://bayes.cs.ucla.edu/BOOK-2K/] Cambridge University Press ISBN-13: 978-0521773621

* [[Judea Pearl]] (2000) ''Causality: Models of Reasoning and Inference'' [https://bayes.cs.ucla.edu/BOOK-2K/] Cambridge University Press ISBN-13: 978-0521773621

* Journal articles of faculty at the University of California, including Judea Pearl's articles between 1984-1998  [http://fmdb.cs.ucla.edu/tech_reports/searchresponse.lasso#Anchor-Judea%20Pearl].

* Journal articles of faculty at the University of California, including Judea Pearl's articles between 1984-1998  [https://fmdb.cs.ucla.edu/tech_reports/searchresponse.lasso#Anchor-Judea%20Pearl].

* Spirtes, Peter, Clark Glymour and Richard Scheines ''Causation, Prediction, and Search'', MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-19440-6

* Spirtes, Peter, Clark Glymour and Richard Scheines ''Causation, Prediction, and Search'', MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-19440-6

* Abdoullaev, A. (2000)''The Ultimate of Reality: Reversible Causality'', in Proceedings of the 20th World Congress of Philosophy, Boston: Philosophy Documentation Centre, internet site, Paideia Project On-Line: http://www.bu.edu/wcp/MainMeta.htm

* Abdoullaev, A. (2000)''The Ultimate of Reality: Reversible Causality'', in Proceedings of the 20th World Congress of Philosophy, Boston: Philosophy Documentation Centre, internet site, Paideia Project On-Line: https://www.bu.edu/wcp/MainMeta.htm

* Green, Celia (2003). ''The Lost Cause: Causation and the Mind-Body Problem''.  Oxford: Oxford Forum. ISBN 0-9536772-1-4  Includes three chapters on causality at the microlevel in physics.

* Green, Celia (2003). ''The Lost Cause: Causation and the Mind-Body Problem''.  Oxford: Oxford Forum. ISBN 0-9536772-1-4  Includes three chapters on causality at the microlevel in physics.

* Rosenberg, M. (1968). ''The Logic of Survey Analysis''. New York: Basic Books, Inc.

* Rosenberg, M. (1968). ''The Logic of Survey Analysis''. New York: Basic Books, Inc.

==External links==

==External links==

* [http://bayes.cs.ucla.edu/LECTURE/lecture_sec1.htm "The Art and Science of Cause and Effect"]: a slide show and tutorial lecture by Judea Pearl

* [https://bayes.cs.ucla.edu/LECTURE/lecture_sec1.htm "The Art and Science of Cause and Effect"]: a slide show and tutorial lecture by Judea Pearl

* [http://www.nichirenshueuropa.com  "The Buddhist Dharma of Cause and Effect as seen in the Lotus Sutra"]: a Buddhist school based on this law of life as seen in the Lotus Sutra. Website in Italian and English.

* [https://www.nichirenshueuropa.com  "The Buddhist Dharma of Cause and Effect as seen in the Lotus Sutra"]: a Buddhist school based on this law of life as seen in the Lotus Sutra. Website in Italian and English.

===Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy===

===Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy===

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-backwards/ Backwards Causation]

* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-backwards/ Backwards Causation]

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-process/ Causal Processes]

* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-process/ Causal Processes]

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-mani/ Causation and Manipulability]

* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-mani/ Causation and Manipulability]

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-law/ Causation in the Law]

* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-law/ Causation in the Law]

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-counterfactual/ Counterfactual Theories of Causation]

* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-counterfactual/ Counterfactual Theories of Causation]

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-medieval/ Medieval Theories of Causation]

* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-medieval/ Medieval Theories of Causation]

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-probabilistic/ Probabilistic Causation]

* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-probabilistic/ Probabilistic Causation]

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-metaphysics/ The Metaphysics of Causation]

* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-metaphysics/ The Metaphysics of Causation]

===General===

===General===

* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-37 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Causation

* [https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-37 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Causation

* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-38 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Causation in History

* [https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-38 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Causation in History

* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-40 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Causation in Law

* [https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-40 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Causation in Law

[[Category:Philosophy]]

[[Category:Philosophy]]