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The term '''clairvoyance''' (from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_century 17th century] French with clair [[meaning]] "clear" and voyance meaning "[[vision]]") is used to refer to the alleged ability to gain [[information]] about an object, [[person]], location or [[physical]] [[event]] through means other than the known [[human]] [[senses]],[1][2] a form of extra-sensory [[perception]]. A person said to have the ability of clairvoyance is referred to as a clairvoyant ("one who sees clearly").

The term '''clairvoyance''' (from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_century 17th century] French with clair [[meaning]] "clear" and voyance meaning "[[vision]]") is used to refer to the alleged ability to gain [[information]] about an object, [[person]], location or [[physical]] [[event]] through means other than the known [[human]] [[senses]],[1][2] a form of extra-sensory [[perception]]. A person said to have the ability of clairvoyance is referred to as a clairvoyant ("one who sees clearly").

Claims for the [[existence]] of [[paranormal]] and [[psychic]] abilities such as clairvoyance are highly controversial. [[Parapsychology]] explores this [[possibility]], but the existence of the paranormal is not widely accepted by the [[scientific]] community.

Claims for the [[existence]] of [[paranormal]] and [[psychic]] abilities such as clairvoyance are highly controversial. [[Parapsychology]] explores this [[possibility]], but the existence of the paranormal is not widely accepted by the [[scientific]] community.

==Usage==

==Usage==

Within [[parapsychology]], clairvoyance is used exclusively to refer to the transfer of [[information]] that is both contemporary to, and hidden from, the clairvoyant. It is very different from [[telepathy]] in that the information is said to be gained directly from an external [[physical]] source, rather than being transferred from the [[mind]] of one [[individual]] to another.[3]

Within [[parapsychology]], clairvoyance is used exclusively to refer to the transfer of [[information]] that is both contemporary to, and hidden from, the clairvoyant. It is very different from [[telepathy]] in that the information is said to be gained directly from an external [[physical]] source, rather than being transferred from the [[mind]] of one [[individual]] to another.[3]

There have been anecdotal reports of clairvoyance and 'clear' abilities throughout [[history]] in most [[cultures]]. Often clairvoyance has been associated with [[religious]] or [[shaman]]ic figures, offices and practices. For example, ancient Hindu religious [[texts]] list clairvoyance amongst other forms of 'clear' experiencing, as siddhis, or '[[perfection]]s', skills that are yielded through appropriate [[meditation]] and [[personal]] [[discipline]]. But a large number of anecdotal accounts of clairvoyance are of the [[spontaneous]] variety among the general [[Population|populace]]. For example, many people report seeing a loved one who has recently died before they have learned by other means that their loved one is deceased. While anecdotal accounts do not provide scientific [[proof]] of clairvoyance, such common experiences continue to motivate [[research]] into such [[phenomena]].

There have been anecdotal reports of clairvoyance and 'clear' abilities throughout [[history]] in most [[cultures]]. Often clairvoyance has been associated with [[religious]] or [[shaman]]ic figures, offices and practices. For example, ancient Hindu religious [[texts]] list clairvoyance amongst other forms of 'clear' experiencing, as siddhis, or '[[perfection]]s', skills that are yielded through appropriate [[meditation]] and [[personal]] [[discipline]]. But a large number of anecdotal accounts of clairvoyance are of the [[spontaneous]] variety among the general [[Population|populace]]. For example, many people report seeing a loved one who has recently died before they have learned by other means that their loved one is deceased. While anecdotal accounts do not provide scientific [[proof]] of clairvoyance, such common experiences continue to motivate [[research]] into such [[phenomena]].

The earliest record of somnambulistic clairvoyance is credited to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Puys%C3%A9gur Marquis de Puységur], a follower of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesmer Mesmer], who in 1784 was treating a local dull-witted peasant named Victor Race. During treatment, Race reportedly would go into trance and undergo a personality change, becoming fluent and articulate, and giving diagnosis and prescription for his own disease as well as those of others. When he came out of the trance state he would be unaware of anything he had said or done. This behavior is somewhat reminiscent of the reported behaviors of the 20th century medical clairvoyant and psychic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Cayce Edgar Cayce]. It is reported that although Puységur used the term 'clairvoyance', he did not think of these [[phenomena]] as "paranormal", since he accepted mesmerism as one of the [[natural sciences]].

The earliest record of somnambulistic clairvoyance is credited to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Puys%C3%A9gur Marquis de Puységur], a follower of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesmer Mesmer], who in 1784 was treating a local dull-witted peasant named Victor Race. During treatment, Race reportedly would go into trance and undergo a personality change, becoming fluent and articulate, and giving diagnosis and prescription for his own disease as well as those of others. When he came out of the trance state he would be unaware of anything he had said or done. This behavior is somewhat reminiscent of the reported behaviors of the 20th century medical clairvoyant and psychic [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Cayce Edgar Cayce]. It is reported that although Puységur used the term 'clairvoyance', he did not think of these [[phenomena]] as "paranormal", since he accepted mesmerism as one of the [[natural sciences]].

Clairvoyance was a reported ability of some [[medium]]s during the spiritualist period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and psychics of many descriptions have claimed clairvoyant ability up to the present day.

Clairvoyance was a reported ability of some [[medium]]s during the spiritualist period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and psychics of many descriptions have claimed clairvoyant ability up to the present day.

Early researchers of clairvoyance included [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gregory_(chemist) William Gregory] (chemist), Gustav Pagenstecher, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Tischner Rudolf Tischner]. These were largely [[qualitative]] experiments in which selected participants sought to identify a concealed target image, or to provide accurate [[information]] about the history of a target object. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Richet Charles Richet], the noted physiologist and, later, Ina Jephson, a member of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research Society for Psychical Research], introduced more [[quantitative]] methods. A significant development in clairvoyance research came when [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Banks_Rhine J. B. Rhine], a [[psychologist]] at [http://www.duke.edu Duke University], introduced a [[standard]] [[methodology]], with a standard [[statistical]] approach to [[analysing]] the [[data]], as part of his [[research]] into extrasensory [[perception]]. Perhaps the best-known study of clairvoyance in recent times has been the US government-funded remote viewing project at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute SRI]/[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Applications_International_Corporation SAIC] during the 1970s through the mid-1990s; at least those studies amongst these that did not involve "[[agents]]" visiting or being otherwise aware of the target sites.

Early researchers of clairvoyance included [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gregory_(chemist) William Gregory] (chemist), Gustav Pagenstecher, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Tischner Rudolf Tischner]. These were largely [[qualitative]] experiments in which selected participants sought to identify a concealed target image, or to provide accurate [[information]] about the history of a target object. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Richet Charles Richet], the noted physiologist and, later, Ina Jephson, a member of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research Society for Psychical Research], introduced more [[quantitative]] methods. A significant development in clairvoyance research came when [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Banks_Rhine J. B. Rhine], a [[psychologist]] at [https://www.duke.edu Duke University], introduced a [[standard]] [[methodology]], with a standard [[statistical]] approach to [[analysing]] the [[data]], as part of his [[research]] into extrasensory [[perception]]. Perhaps the best-known study of clairvoyance in recent times has been the US government-funded remote viewing project at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute SRI]/[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Applications_International_Corporation SAIC] during the 1970s through the mid-1990s; at least those studies amongst these that did not involve "[[agents]]" visiting or being otherwise aware of the target sites.

Some parapsychologists have proposed that our different [[function]]al labels (clairvoyance, [[telepathy]], precognition, etc.) all refer to one basic underlying [[mechanism]], although there is not yet any satisfactory theory for what that mechanism may be.

Some parapsychologists have proposed that our different [[function]]al labels (clairvoyance, [[telepathy]], precognition, etc.) all refer to one basic underlying [[mechanism]], although there is not yet any satisfactory theory for what that mechanism may be.

==Parapsychological research==

==Parapsychological research==

Parapsychological [[research]] studies of [[remote viewing]] and clairvoyance have produced favorable results significantly above [[chance]], and meta-[[analysis]] of these studies increases the significance. For instance, at the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute Stanford Research Institute], in 1972, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Puthoff Harold Puthoff] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Targ Russell Targ] initiated a series of human subject studies to determine whether participants (the viewers or percipients) could reliably identify and accurately describe salient features of remote locations or targets. In the early studies, a human sender was typically present at the remote location, as part of the [[experiment]] [[protocol]]. A three-step process was used, the first step being to randomly select the target conditions to be experienced by the senders. Secondly, in the viewing step, participants were asked to verbally express or sketch their impressions of the remote scene. Thirdly, in the judging step, these descriptions were matched by separate judges, as closely as possible, with the intended targets. The term remote viewing was coined to describe this overall process.

Parapsychological [[research]] studies of [[remote viewing]] and clairvoyance have produced favorable results significantly above [[chance]], and meta-[[analysis]] of these studies increases the significance. For instance, at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute Stanford Research Institute], in 1972, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Puthoff Harold Puthoff] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Targ Russell Targ] initiated a series of human subject studies to determine whether participants (the viewers or percipients) could reliably identify and accurately describe salient features of remote locations or targets. In the early studies, a human sender was typically present at the remote location, as part of the [[experiment]] [[protocol]]. A three-step process was used, the first step being to randomly select the target conditions to be experienced by the senders. Secondly, in the viewing step, participants were asked to verbally express or sketch their impressions of the remote scene. Thirdly, in the judging step, these descriptions were matched by separate judges, as closely as possible, with the intended targets. The term remote viewing was coined to describe this overall process.

Targ and Puthoff both believed that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Geller Uri Geller], retired police commissioner Pat Price and artist [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingo_Swann Ingo Swann] all had genuine psychic abilities.[9] They published their findings in ''Nature''[10] and the ''Proceedings of the IEEE''.[11] Their work however met [[criticism]] from a number of writers, such as psychologists [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Marks David Marks] and Richard Kammann in their 1980 [[book]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Psychic The Psychology of the Psychic].[12]

Targ and Puthoff both believed that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Geller Uri Geller], retired police commissioner Pat Price and artist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingo_Swann Ingo Swann] all had genuine psychic abilities.[9] They published their findings in ''Nature''[10] and the ''Proceedings of the IEEE''.[11] Their work however met [[criticism]] from a number of writers, such as psychologists [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Marks David Marks] and Richard Kammann in their 1980 [[book]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Psychic The Psychology of the Psychic].[12]

In order to explore the [[nature]] of remote viewing channel, the viewer in some [[experiments]] was secured in a double-walled copper-screened [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_cage Faraday cage]. Although this provided attenuation of radio signals over a broad range of frequencies, the researchers found that it did not alter the subject's remote viewing capability. They postulated that extremely low frequency (ELF) propagation might be involved, since Faraday cage screening is less effective in the ELF range. Such a [[hypothesis]] had previously been put forward by [[telepathy]] researchers in the Soviet Union.[13]

In order to explore the [[nature]] of remote viewing channel, the viewer in some [[experiments]] was secured in a double-walled copper-screened [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_cage Faraday cage]. Although this provided attenuation of radio signals over a broad range of frequencies, the researchers found that it did not alter the subject's remote viewing capability. They postulated that extremely low frequency (ELF) propagation might be involved, since Faraday cage screening is less effective in the ELF range. Such a [[hypothesis]] had previously been put forward by [[telepathy]] researchers in the Soviet Union.[13]

The first paper by Puthoff and Targ on psychic research to appear in a mainstream peer-reviewed scientific journal was published in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal) Nature] in March 1974; in it, the team reported some degree of remote viewing success.[14] One of the [[individuals]] involved in these initial studies at SRI was Uri Geller, a well-known celebrity psychic at the time. The research team reported witnessing some of Geller's trademark metal spoon-bending [[performances]], but admitted that they were unable to conduct adequately controlled [[experiments]] to confirm any paranormal hypothesis about them.

The first paper by Puthoff and Targ on psychic research to appear in a mainstream peer-reviewed scientific journal was published in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal) Nature] in March 1974; in it, the team reported some degree of remote viewing success.[14] One of the [[individuals]] involved in these initial studies at SRI was Uri Geller, a well-known celebrity psychic at the time. The research team reported witnessing some of Geller's trademark metal spoon-bending [[performances]], but admitted that they were unable to conduct adequately controlled [[experiments]] to confirm any paranormal hypothesis about them.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography Electroencephalography] (EEG) techniques were also used by team to examine ESP [[phenomena]]. In these investigations, a sender, who was isolated in a visually opaque, electrically and acoustically shielded chamber, was stimulated at [[random]] by bursts of strobe-light flickers The experimenters reported that, for one receiver, differential alpha block on control and stimulus trials were observed, which showed that some [[information]] transfer had occurred. In contrast, this person's [[expressed]] statements of when the stimulus occurred were no different than that which would be expected by [[chance]]. The researches were unable to identify the physical parameters by which the EEG effect was mediated.[15]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography Electroencephalography] (EEG) techniques were also used by team to examine ESP [[phenomena]]. In these investigations, a sender, who was isolated in a visually opaque, electrically and acoustically shielded chamber, was stimulated at [[random]] by bursts of strobe-light flickers The experimenters reported that, for one receiver, differential alpha block on control and stimulus trials were observed, which showed that some [[information]] transfer had occurred. In contrast, this person's [[expressed]] statements of when the stimulus occurred were no different than that which would be expected by [[chance]]. The researches were unable to identify the physical parameters by which the EEG effect was mediated.[15]

After the publication of these findings, various attempts to replicate the remote viewing findings were quickly carried out. Several of these follow-up studies, which involved viewing in [[group]] settings, reported some limited success. They included the use of face-to-face groups,[16][17] and remotely-linked groups using computer conferencing.[18]

After the publication of these findings, various attempts to replicate the remote viewing findings were quickly carried out. Several of these follow-up studies, which involved viewing in [[group]] settings, reported some limited success. They included the use of face-to-face groups,[16][17] and remotely-linked groups using computer conferencing.[18]

The various [[debates]] in the [[mainstream]] scientific literature prompted the editors of 'Proceedings of the IEEE' to invite [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jahn Robert Jahn], then Dean of the School of Engineering at [http://www.princeton.edu Princeton University], to write a comprehensive review of psychic [[phenomena]] from an [[engineering]] [[perspective]]. His paper,[19] published in February 1982, includes numerous references to remote viewing replication studies at the time.

The various [[debates]] in the [[mainstream]] scientific literature prompted the editors of 'Proceedings of the IEEE' to invite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jahn Robert Jahn], then Dean of the School of Engineering at [https://www.princeton.edu Princeton University], to write a comprehensive review of psychic [[phenomena]] from an [[engineering]] [[perspective]]. His paper,[19] published in February 1982, includes numerous references to remote viewing replication studies at the time.

Clairvoyance experiments involving [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_cards Zener cards] currently exist on the [[internet]]. One such online [[system]], the Anima Project[20], gathers user results into a master database which is then analyzed using a variety of statistical techniques.

Clairvoyance experiments involving [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_cards Zener cards] currently exist on the [[internet]]. One such online [[system]], the Anima Project[20], gathers user results into a master database which is then analyzed using a variety of statistical techniques.

==Other related terms==

==Other related terms==

The words "clairvoyance" and "psychic" are often used to refer to many different kinds of paranormal [[Senses|sensory]] [[experience]]s, but there are more specific names:

The words "clairvoyance" and "psychic" are often used to refer to many different kinds of paranormal [[Senses|sensory]] [[experience]]s, but there are more specific names:

In the field of parapsychology, clairsentience is a form of extra-sensory perception wherein a [[person]] acquires psychic [[knowledge]] primarily by means of [[feeling]].[23] The word is from the French clair, “clear,” + sentience, “feeling,” and is ultimately derived from the [[Latin]] clarus, “clear,” + sentiens, derived from sentire, “to feel”.

In the field of parapsychology, clairsentience is a form of extra-sensory perception wherein a [[person]] acquires psychic [[knowledge]] primarily by means of [[feeling]].[23] The word is from the French clair, “clear,” + sentience, “feeling,” and is ultimately derived from the [[Latin]] clarus, “clear,” + sentiens, derived from sentire, “to feel”.

In addition to parapsychology, the term also plays a role in some [[religions]]. For example: clairsentience is one of the six human special [[functions]] mentioned or recorded in [[Buddhism]]. It is an ability that can be obtained at advanced [[meditation]] level. Generally the term refers to a person who can feel the [[vibration]] of other people. There are many different degrees of clairsentience ranging from the [[perception]] of diseases of other people to the [[thoughts]] or [[emotions]] of other people. The ability differs from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_eye third eye] in that this kind of ability cannot have a vivid picture in the mind. Instead, a very vivid feeling can form.

In addition to parapsychology, the term also plays a role in some [[religions]]. For example: clairsentience is one of the six human special [[functions]] mentioned or recorded in [[Buddhism]]. It is an ability that can be obtained at advanced [[meditation]] level. Generally the term refers to a person who can feel the [[vibration]] of other people. There are many different degrees of clairsentience ranging from the [[perception]] of diseases of other people to the [[thoughts]] or [[emotions]] of other people. The ability differs from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_eye third eye] in that this kind of ability cannot have a vivid picture in the mind. Instead, a very vivid feeling can form.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometry Psychometry] is related to clairsentience. The word stems from psyche and metric, which means "to [[measure]] with the [[mind]]".

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometry Psychometry] is related to clairsentience. The word stems from psyche and metric, which means "to [[measure]] with the [[mind]]".

===Clairaudience (hearing/listening)===

===Clairaudience (hearing/listening)===

In the field of parapsychology, clairaudience [from late [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Century 17th century] French clair (clear) & audience (hearing)] is a form of extra-sensory perception wherein a person acquires [[information]] by paranormal auditory means. It is often considered to be a form of clairvoyance.[24] Clairaudience is essentially the ability to hear in a paranormal [[manner]], as opposed to paranormal seeing (clairvoyance) and [[feeling]] (clairsentience). Clairaudient people have psi-mediated hearing. Clairaudience may refer not to actual perception of [[sound]], but may instead indicate impressions of the "[[Inner Life|inner mental ear]]" similar to the way many people think [[words]] without having auditory impressions. But it may also refer to actual [[perception]] of sounds such as [[voices]], [[tones]], or [[noises]] which are not apparent to other humans or to recording equipment. For instance, a clairaudient person might claim to hear the voices or [[thoughts]] of the spirits of persons who are deceased. Clairaudience may be positively distinguished from the voices heard by the mentally ill when it reveals information unavailable to the clairaudient person by [[normal]] means (including cold reading or other [[magic]] tricks), and thus may be termed "psychic" or paranormal.

In the field of parapsychology, clairaudience [from late [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Century 17th century] French clair (clear) & audience (hearing)] is a form of extra-sensory perception wherein a person acquires [[information]] by paranormal auditory means. It is often considered to be a form of clairvoyance.[24] Clairaudience is essentially the ability to hear in a paranormal [[manner]], as opposed to paranormal seeing (clairvoyance) and [[feeling]] (clairsentience). Clairaudient people have psi-mediated hearing. Clairaudience may refer not to actual perception of [[sound]], but may instead indicate impressions of the "[[Inner Life|inner mental ear]]" similar to the way many people think [[words]] without having auditory impressions. But it may also refer to actual [[perception]] of sounds such as [[voices]], [[tones]], or [[noises]] which are not apparent to other humans or to recording equipment. For instance, a clairaudient person might claim to hear the voices or [[thoughts]] of the spirits of persons who are deceased. Clairaudience may be positively distinguished from the voices heard by the mentally ill when it reveals information unavailable to the clairaudient person by [[normal]] means (including cold reading or other [[magic]] tricks), and thus may be termed "psychic" or paranormal.

===Clairalience (smelling)===

===Clairalience (smelling)===

Also known as Clairescence. In the field of parapsychology, clairalience [presumably from late [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Century 17th century] French clair (clear) & alience (smelling)] is a form of extra-sensory [[perception]] wherein a person acquires psychic [[knowledge]] primarily by means of smelling.[25]

Also known as Clairescence. In the field of parapsychology, clairalience [presumably from late [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Century 17th century] French clair (clear) & alience (smelling)] is a form of extra-sensory [[perception]] wherein a person acquires psychic [[knowledge]] primarily by means of smelling.[25]

===Claircognizance (knowing)===

===Claircognizance (knowing)===

In the field of parapsychology, claircognizance [presumably from late 17th century French clair (clear) & cognizance (< ME cognisaunce < OFr conoissance, knowledge)] is a form of extra-sensory [[perception]] wherein a person acquires psychic [[knowledge]] primarily by means of intrinsic knowledge. It is the ability to know something without a [[physical]] explanation why you know it, like the [[concept]] of mediums. (see: [[Intuition]])

In the field of parapsychology, claircognizance [presumably from late 17th century French clair (clear) & cognizance (< ME cognisaunce < OFr conoissance, knowledge)] is a form of extra-sensory [[perception]] wherein a person acquires psychic [[knowledge]] primarily by means of intrinsic knowledge. It is the ability to know something without a [[physical]] explanation why you know it, like the [[concept]] of mediums. (see: [[Intuition]])

In the field of parapsychology, clairgustance is defined as a form of extra-sensory [[perception]] that allegedly allows one to taste a substance without putting anything in one's mouth. It is claimed that those who possess this ability are able to perceive the [[essence]] of a substance from the [[spiritual]] or ethereal realms through taste.[citation needed]

In the field of parapsychology, clairgustance is defined as a form of extra-sensory [[perception]] that allegedly allows one to taste a substance without putting anything in one's mouth. It is claimed that those who possess this ability are able to perceive the [[essence]] of a substance from the [[spiritual]] or ethereal realms through taste.[citation needed]

==References==

==References==

# http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/clairvoyance Merriam-Webster Online dictionary, Retrieved 2007-10-05 "1: the power or faculty of discerning objects not present to the senses 2: ability to perceive matters beyond the range of ordinary perception: penetration"

# https://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/clairvoyance Merriam-Webster Online dictionary, Retrieved 2007-10-05 "1: the power or faculty of discerning objects not present to the senses 2: ability to perceive matters beyond the range of ordinary perception: penetration"

# Britannica Online Encyclopedia, Retrieved 2007-10-07. The ESP entry includes clairvoyance

# Britannica Online Encyclopedia, Retrieved 2007-10-07. The ESP entry includes clairvoyance

# Glossary of Parapsychological terms - Clairvoyance — Parapsychological Association (2007-04-27)

# Glossary of Parapsychological terms - Clairvoyance — Parapsychological Association (2007-04-27)

# "What is parapsychology?", FAQ - Parapsychological Association (2007-02-03)

# "What is parapsychology?", FAQ - Parapsychological Association (2007-02-03)

# "What is the state-of-the-evidence for psi?", FAQ - Parapsychological Association (2007-02-03)

# "What is the state-of-the-evidence for psi?", FAQ - Parapsychological Association (2007-02-03)

# Waller, Douglas (1995-12-11). "The Vision Thing i love curtis soo much :) x". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983829,00.html. Retrieved 2009-05-30.  

# Waller, Douglas (1995-12-11). "The Vision Thing i love curtis soo much :) x". Time. https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983829,00.html. Retrieved 2009-05-30.  

# Tart, C. T. (1983). "Information acquisition rates in forced-choice ESP experiments: precognition does not work as well as present-time ESP". Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 77 (4): 293–310. ISSN 0003-1070.  

# Tart, C. T. (1983). "Information acquisition rates in forced-choice ESP experiments: precognition does not work as well as present-time ESP". Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 77 (4): 293–310. ISSN 0003-1070.  

# Mind-Reach: Scientists Look at Psychic Abilities, by Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff, Dell Pub Co., 1978

# Mind-Reach: Scientists Look at Psychic Abilities, by Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff, Dell Pub Co., 1978

# Vallee, J. (October 1976). "Remote viewing experiments through computer conferencing". Proceedings of the IEEE 64: 1551–1552. doi:10.1109/PROC.1976.10372.  

# Vallee, J. (October 1976). "Remote viewing experiments through computer conferencing". Proceedings of the IEEE 64: 1551–1552. doi:10.1109/PROC.1976.10372.  

# Jahn, R.G. (February 1982). "The persistent paradox of psychic phenomena: An engineering perspective". Proceedings of the IEEE 70: 136–170. doi:10.1109/PROC.1982.12260.  

# Jahn, R.G. (February 1982). "The persistent paradox of psychic phenomena: An engineering perspective". Proceedings of the IEEE 70: 136–170. doi:10.1109/PROC.1982.12260.  

# "The Anima Project". http://www.animaproject.org. Retrieved 2008-04-08.  

# "The Anima Project". https://www.animaproject.org. Retrieved 2008-04-08.  

# Marks, D.F. (2000). The Psychology of the Psychic (2nd Ed.) New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1573927988[page needed]

# Marks, D.F. (2000). The Psychology of the Psychic (2nd Ed.) New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1573927988[page needed]

# An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural James Randi

# An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural James Randi

# Supernatural Glossary

# Supernatural Glossary

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/daniel_finkelstein/article1637254.ece "All that clairvoyant stuff – I don't see it myself: A new law against mediums would not work"] by Daniel Finkelstein, ''[[The Times]]'', April 11, 2007.

* [https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/daniel_finkelstein/article1637254.ece "All that clairvoyant stuff – I don't see it myself: A new law against mediums would not work"] by Daniel Finkelstein, ''[[The Times]]'', April 11, 2007.

* ''[[Mental Radio]]'' by [[Upton Sinclair]], 1929. Preface by [[Albert Einstein]].

* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_Radio Mental Radio]'' by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Sinclair Upton Sinclair], 1929. Preface by [[Albert Einstein]].

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Philosophy]]

[[Category: Philosophy]]