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*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century 1853]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century 1853]

==Defiinition==

==Defiinition==

*1 : [[policies]] [[exploiting]] [[control]] by one power over dependent areas or people  

*1 : [[policies]] [[exploiting]] [[control]] by one power over dependent areas or people  

==Description==

==Description==

'''Colonialism''' is the establishment, [[exploitation]], [[maintenance]], acquisition and expansion of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony colonies] in one territory by people from another territory. It is a set of unequal [[relationships]] between the colonial power and the colony and between the colonists and the [[indigenous]] [[population]].

'''Colonialism''' is the establishment, [[exploitation]], [[maintenance]], acquisition and expansion of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony colonies] in one territory by people from another territory. It is a set of unequal [[relationships]] between the colonial power and the colony and between the colonists and the [[indigenous]] [[population]].

The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_colonialism European colonial period] was the era from the 1500s to the mid-1900s when several European powers (particularly, but not exclusively, Portugal, Spain, Britain, the Netherlands and France) established colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. At first the countries followed [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilism mercantilist policies] designed to strengthen the home [[economy]] at the expense of rivals, so the colonies were usually allowed to trade only with the mother country. By the mid-19th century, however, the powerful British Empire gave up mercantilism and trade restrictions and introduced the principle of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade free trade], with few restrictions or tariffs.

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_colonialism European colonial period] was the era from the 1500s to the mid-1900s when several European powers (particularly, but not exclusively, Portugal, Spain, Britain, the Netherlands and France) established colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. At first the countries followed [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilism mercantilist policies] designed to strengthen the home [[economy]] at the expense of rivals, so the colonies were usually allowed to trade only with the mother country. By the mid-19th century, however, the powerful British Empire gave up mercantilism and trade restrictions and introduced the principle of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade free trade], with few restrictions or tariffs.

As colonialism often played out in pre-populated areas, sociocultural [[evolution]] included the formation of various [[ethnically]] [[hybrid]] populations. Colonialism gave rise to culturally and ethnically mixed [[populations]] such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo mestizos] of the Americas, as well as racially-divided populations such as those found in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria French Algeria] or in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia]. In fact, everywhere where colonial powers established a consistent and continued presence, hybrid communities existed.

As colonialism often played out in pre-populated areas, sociocultural [[evolution]] included the formation of various [[ethnically]] [[hybrid]] populations. Colonialism gave rise to culturally and ethnically mixed [[populations]] such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo mestizos] of the Americas, as well as racially-divided populations such as those found in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria French Algeria] or in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia]. In fact, everywhere where colonial powers established a consistent and continued presence, hybrid communities existed.

The [[conquest]] of vast territories brings multitudes of [[diverse]] [[cultures]] under the central control of the [[imperial]] authorities. From the time of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece Ancient Greece] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome Ancient Rome], this fact has been addressed by empires adopting the concept of universalism, and applying it to their [[imperial]] policies towards their subjects far from the imperial capitol. The capitol, the ''metropole'', was the source of ostensibly [[enlightened]] policies imposed throughout the distant colonies.

The [[conquest]] of vast territories brings multitudes of [[diverse]] [[cultures]] under the central control of the [[imperial]] authorities. From the time of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece Ancient Greece] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome Ancient Rome], this fact has been addressed by empires adopting the concept of universalism, and applying it to their [[imperial]] policies towards their subjects far from the imperial capitol. The capitol, the ''metropole'', was the source of ostensibly [[enlightened]] policies imposed throughout the distant colonies.

The [[empire]] that grew from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great Athenian conquest] spurred the spread of Greek language, religion, science and philosophy throughout the colonies. The Athenians considered their own [[culture]] superior to all others. They referred to people speaking foreign languages as [[barbarians]], dismissing foreign languages as inferior mutterings that sounded to Greek ears like "bar-bar".

The [[empire]] that grew from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great Athenian conquest] spurred the spread of Greek language, religion, science and philosophy throughout the colonies. The Athenians considered their own [[culture]] superior to all others. They referred to people speaking foreign languages as [[barbarians]], dismissing foreign languages as inferior mutterings that sounded to Greek ears like "bar-bar".

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire Romans] found [[efficiency]] in imposing a universalist policy towards their colonies in many matters. Roman law was imposed on Roman citizens, as well as colonial subjects, throughout the empire. [[Latin]] spread as the common [[language]] of [[government]] and trade, the ''lingua franca'', throughout the Empire. Romans also imposed peace between their diverse foreign subjects, which they described in beneficial terms as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana Pax Romana]. The use of universal regulation by the Romans marks the [[emergence]] of a European concept of universalism and internationalism. [[Tolerance]] of other cultures and [[beliefs]] has always been secondary to the aims of [[empires]], however. The Roman Empire was tolerant of diverse cultures and religious practises, so long as these did not threaten Roman [[authority]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon Napoleon]'s foreign minister, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand Charles Maurice de Talleyrand], once remarked: "Empire is the art of putting men in their place".[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire Romans] found [[efficiency]] in imposing a universalist policy towards their colonies in many matters. Roman law was imposed on Roman citizens, as well as colonial subjects, throughout the empire. [[Latin]] spread as the common [[language]] of [[government]] and trade, the ''lingua franca'', throughout the Empire. Romans also imposed peace between their diverse foreign subjects, which they described in beneficial terms as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana Pax Romana]. The use of universal regulation by the Romans marks the [[emergence]] of a European concept of universalism and internationalism. [[Tolerance]] of other cultures and [[beliefs]] has always been secondary to the aims of [[empires]], however. The Roman Empire was tolerant of diverse cultures and religious practises, so long as these did not threaten Roman [[authority]]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon Napoleon]'s foreign minister, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand Charles Maurice de Talleyrand], once remarked: "Empire is the art of putting men in their place".[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism]

[[Category: History]]

[[Category: History]]

[[Category: Political Science]]

[[Category: Political Science]]