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− | [[File:lighterstill.jpg]] | + | [[File:lighterstill.jpg]][[File:PeaceandCourage_std.jpg|right|frame]] |
| '''Courage''', also known as bravery, will, intrepidity, and fortitude, is the ability to confront [[fear]], [[pain]], risk/danger, [[uncertainty]], or intimidation. "[[Physical]] courage" is courage in the face of physical pain, hardship, or threat of [[death]], while "moral courage" is the ability to [[act]] faithfully in the face of popular opposition, [[shame]], scandal, or discouragement. | | '''Courage''', also known as bravery, will, intrepidity, and fortitude, is the ability to confront [[fear]], [[pain]], risk/danger, [[uncertainty]], or intimidation. "[[Physical]] courage" is courage in the face of physical pain, hardship, or threat of [[death]], while "moral courage" is the ability to [[act]] faithfully in the face of popular opposition, [[shame]], scandal, or discouragement. |
− | ==Theories of courage==\ | + | |
| + | ---- |
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| + | <center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Courage''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Courage this link].</center> |
| + | ==Theories of courage== |
| ===Western Antiquity and Middle Ages=== | | ===Western Antiquity and Middle Ages=== |
| As a [[virtue]], courage is discussed extensively in Aristotle's ''Nicomachean Ethics'', where its vice of deficiency is cowardice and its vice of excess are recklessness.[1] | | As a [[virtue]], courage is discussed extensively in Aristotle's ''Nicomachean Ethics'', where its vice of deficiency is cowardice and its vice of excess are recklessness.[1] |
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| ==Footnotes== | | ==Footnotes== |
| # Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, 1103b15-20, 1104a15-25, 1104b1-10, 1107a30-1107b5, 1108b15-35, 1109a5-15, 1115a5-1117b25, 1129b20-5, 1137a20-5, 1144b5-10, 1167a20, 1177a30-b1, 1178a10-5, 1178a30-5, 1178b10-5, in Aristotle, Translation, Introduction, and Commentary, Broadie, Sarah, & Rowe, C., Oxford University Press, 2002. | | # Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, 1103b15-20, 1104a15-25, 1104b1-10, 1107a30-1107b5, 1108b15-35, 1109a5-15, 1115a5-1117b25, 1129b20-5, 1137a20-5, 1144b5-10, 1167a20, 1177a30-b1, 1178a10-5, 1178a30-5, 1178b10-5, in Aristotle, Translation, Introduction, and Commentary, Broadie, Sarah, & Rowe, C., Oxford University Press, 2002. |
− | # http://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa.html | + | # https://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa.html |
| # Chapter 67 and 73, Tao Te Ching (C. Ganson uses the word "courage", but the Mitchell translation does not.) | | # Chapter 67 and 73, Tao Te Ching (C. Ganson uses the word "courage", but the Mitchell translation does not.) |
− | # http://www.zhongwen.com/ - Tao Te Ching with Hanzi translations | + | # https://www.zhongwen.com/ - Tao Te Ching with Hanzi translations |
| # Paul Tillich, The Courage To Be (London: Collins, 1952), 152-183. | | # Paul Tillich, The Courage To Be (London: Collins, 1952), 152-183. |
| # Tolkien, JRR. "BEOWULF: THE MONSTERS AND THE CRITICS". The Tolkien Estate. pp. 25. Retrieved 2008-04-25. | | # Tolkien, JRR. "BEOWULF: THE MONSTERS AND THE CRITICS". The Tolkien Estate. pp. 25. Retrieved 2008-04-25. |
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| # Carter, Richard. "Celebrating Ernest Hemingway's Century". neh.gov. National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved 2009-06-19. | | # Carter, Richard. "Celebrating Ernest Hemingway's Century". neh.gov. National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved 2009-06-19. |
| ==References== | | ==References== |
− | 8Catholic Encyclopedia "Fortitude"
| + | *Catholic Encyclopedia "Fortitude" |
| *Summa Theologica "Second Part of the Second Part" See Questions 123-140 | | *Summa Theologica "Second Part of the Second Part" See Questions 123-140 |
| *Ernest Becker, The Denial of Death (New York: The Free Press, 1973). | | *Ernest Becker, The Denial of Death (New York: The Free Press, 1973). |
| *Douglas N. Walton, Courage: A philosophical investigation (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986). | | *Douglas N. Walton, Courage: A philosophical investigation (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986). |
| *Stephen Palmquist, "Angst and the Paradox of Courage" [1], Chapter XII in The Tree of Philosophy (Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press, 2000) | | *Stephen Palmquist, "Angst and the Paradox of Courage" [1], Chapter XII in The Tree of Philosophy (Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press, 2000) |
| + | *[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |
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| [[Category: General Reference]] | | [[Category: General Reference]] |