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'''Courage''', also known as bravery, will, intrepidity, and fortitude, is the ability to confront [[fear]], [[pain]], risk/danger, [[uncertainty]], or intimidation. "[[Physical]] courage" is courage in the face of physical pain, hardship, or threat of [[death]], while "moral courage" is the ability to [[act]] faithfully in the face of popular opposition, [[shame]], scandal, or discouragement.

'''Courage''', also known as bravery, will, intrepidity, and fortitude, is the ability to confront [[fear]], [[pain]], risk/danger, [[uncertainty]], or intimidation. "[[Physical]] courage" is courage in the face of physical pain, hardship, or threat of [[death]], while "moral courage" is the ability to [[act]] faithfully in the face of popular opposition, [[shame]], scandal, or discouragement.

==Theories of courage==\

 

 

==Theories of courage==

===Western Antiquity and Middle Ages===

===Western Antiquity and Middle Ages===

As a [[virtue]], courage is discussed extensively in Aristotle's ''Nicomachean Ethics'', where its vice of deficiency is cowardice and its vice of excess are recklessness.[1]

As a [[virtue]], courage is discussed extensively in Aristotle's ''Nicomachean Ethics'', where its vice of deficiency is cowardice and its vice of excess are recklessness.[1]

==Footnotes==

==Footnotes==

# Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, 1103b15-20, 1104a15-25, 1104b1-10, 1107a30-1107b5, 1108b15-35, 1109a5-15, 1115a5-1117b25, 1129b20-5, 1137a20-5, 1144b5-10, 1167a20, 1177a30-b1, 1178a10-5, 1178a30-5, 1178b10-5, in Aristotle, Translation, Introduction, and Commentary, Broadie, Sarah, & Rowe, C., Oxford University Press, 2002.

# Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, 1103b15-20, 1104a15-25, 1104b1-10, 1107a30-1107b5, 1108b15-35, 1109a5-15, 1115a5-1117b25, 1129b20-5, 1137a20-5, 1144b5-10, 1167a20, 1177a30-b1, 1178a10-5, 1178a30-5, 1178b10-5, in Aristotle, Translation, Introduction, and Commentary, Broadie, Sarah, & Rowe, C., Oxford University Press, 2002.

# http://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa.html

# https://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa.html

# Chapter 67 and 73, Tao Te Ching (C. Ganson uses the word "courage", but the Mitchell translation does not.)

# Chapter 67 and 73, Tao Te Ching (C. Ganson uses the word "courage", but the Mitchell translation does not.)

# http://www.zhongwen.com/ - Tao Te Ching with Hanzi translations

# https://www.zhongwen.com/ - Tao Te Ching with Hanzi translations

# Paul Tillich, The Courage To Be (London: Collins, 1952), 152-183.

# Paul Tillich, The Courage To Be (London: Collins, 1952), 152-183.

# Tolkien, JRR. "BEOWULF: THE MONSTERS AND THE CRITICS". The Tolkien Estate. pp. 25. Retrieved 2008-04-25.

# Tolkien, JRR. "BEOWULF: THE MONSTERS AND THE CRITICS". The Tolkien Estate. pp. 25. Retrieved 2008-04-25.