Changes

==Origin==

==Origin==

blend of Middle French croisade & Spanish cruzada; both [[ultimately]] from [[Latin]] cruc-, crux cross

blend of Middle French croisade & Spanish cruzada; both [[ultimately]] from [[Latin]] cruc-, crux cross

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century 18th Century]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century 18th Century]

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

*1: capitalized : any of the [[military]] expeditions undertaken by [[Christian]] powers in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to win the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land Holy Land] from the [[Muslims]]

*1: capitalized : any of the [[military]] expeditions undertaken by [[Christian]] powers in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to win the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land Holy Land] from the [[Muslims]]

*2: a remedial [[enterprise]] undertaken with zeal and [[enthusiasm]]

*2: a remedial [[enterprise]] undertaken with zeal and [[enthusiasm]]

==Description==

==Description==

The '''Crusades''' were a series of [[religiously]] [[sanction]]ed [[military]] [[campaigns]] waged by much of Western Christian Europe, particularly the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks Franks] of France and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire Holy Roman Empire]. The specific crusades to restore [[Christian]] [[control]] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land Holy Land] were fought over a period of nearly 200 years, between 1095 and 1291. Other campaigns in Spain and Eastern Europe continued into the 15th century. The Crusades were fought mainly by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic Roman Catholic] forces (taking place after the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-West_Schism East-West Schism] and mostly before the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation Protestant Reformation]) against [[Muslims]] who had occupied the near east since the time of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate Rashidun Caliphate], although [[campaigns]] were also waged against [[pagan]] Slavs, pagan Balts, Jews, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church Russian and Greek Orthodox Christians], Mongols, Cathars, Hussites, Waldensians, Old Prussians, and political enemies of the various [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope popes]. Orthodox Christians also took part in fighting against [[Islamic]] forces in some Crusades. Crusaders took vows and were granted [[penance]] for past [[sins]], often called an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulgence indulgence].

The '''Crusades''' were a series of [[religiously]] [[sanction]]ed [[military]] [[campaigns]] waged by much of Western Christian Europe, particularly the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks Franks] of France and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire Holy Roman Empire]. The specific crusades to restore [[Christian]] [[control]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land Holy Land] were fought over a period of nearly 200 years, between 1095 and 1291. Other campaigns in Spain and Eastern Europe continued into the 15th century. The Crusades were fought mainly by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic Roman Catholic] forces (taking place after the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-West_Schism East-West Schism] and mostly before the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation Protestant Reformation]) against [[Muslims]] who had occupied the near east since the time of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate Rashidun Caliphate], although [[campaigns]] were also waged against [[pagan]] Slavs, pagan Balts, Jews, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church Russian and Greek Orthodox Christians], Mongols, Cathars, Hussites, Waldensians, Old Prussians, and political enemies of the various [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope popes]. Orthodox Christians also took part in fighting against [[Islamic]] forces in some Crusades. Crusaders took vows and were granted [[penance]] for past [[sins]], often called an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulgence indulgence].

The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing [[Jerusalem]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land Holy Land] from [[Muslim]] rule and their [[campaigns]] were launched in [[response]] to a call from the Christian [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire Byzantine Empire] for help against the expansion of the Muslim [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Turks Seljuk Turks] into Anatolia. The term is also used to describe contemporaneous and subsequent campaigns conducted through to the 16th century in territories outside [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Levant the Levant] usually against [[pagan]]s, [[heretics]], and peoples under the ban of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication excommunication] for a mixture of [[religious]], [[economic]], and [[political]] reasons. Rivalries among both [[Christian]] and [[Muslim]] powers led also to alliances between religious factions against their opponents, such as the Christian alliance with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum Sultanate of Rum] during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Crusade Fifth Crusade].

The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing [[Jerusalem]] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land Holy Land] from [[Muslim]] rule and their [[campaigns]] were launched in [[response]] to a call from the Christian [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire Byzantine Empire] for help against the expansion of the Muslim [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Turks Seljuk Turks] into Anatolia. The term is also used to describe contemporaneous and subsequent campaigns conducted through to the 16th century in territories outside [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Levant the Levant] usually against [[pagan]]s, [[heretics]], and peoples under the ban of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication excommunication] for a mixture of [[religious]], [[economic]], and [[political]] reasons. Rivalries among both [[Christian]] and [[Muslim]] powers led also to alliances between religious factions against their opponents, such as the Christian alliance with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum Sultanate of Rum] during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Crusade Fifth Crusade].

The Crusades had far-reaching [[political]], [[economic]], and [[social]] impacts, some of which have lasted into contemporary times. Because of internal [[conflicts]] among Christian kingdoms and [[political]] [[powers]], some of the crusade expeditions were diverted from their [[original]] aim, such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade Fourth Crusade], which resulted in the sack of Christian [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople Constantinople] and the partition of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire Byzantine Empire] between [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice Venice] and the Crusaders. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Crusade Sixth Crusade] was the first crusade to set sail without the official blessing of the Pope.[6] The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Crusade Seventh], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Crusade Eighth] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Crusade Ninth Crusades] resulted in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk Mamluk] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty Hafsid] victories, as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Crusade Ninth Crusade] marked the end of the Crusades in the Middle East.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade]

The Crusades had far-reaching [[political]], [[economic]], and [[social]] impacts, some of which have lasted into contemporary times. Because of internal [[conflicts]] among Christian kingdoms and [[political]] [[powers]], some of the crusade expeditions were diverted from their [[original]] aim, such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade Fourth Crusade], which resulted in the sack of Christian [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople Constantinople] and the partition of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire Byzantine Empire] between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice Venice] and the Crusaders. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Crusade Sixth Crusade] was the first crusade to set sail without the official blessing of the Pope.[6] The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Crusade Seventh], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Crusade Eighth] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Crusade Ninth Crusades] resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk Mamluk] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty Hafsid] victories, as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Crusade Ninth Crusade] marked the end of the Crusades in the Middle East.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade]

[[Category: History]]

[[Category: History]]