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The following fields of [[science]] are generally categorized within the geosciences:

The following fields of [[science]] are generally categorized within the geosciences:

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology Geology] describes the rocky parts of the Earth's crust (or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithosphere lithosphere]) and its historic development. Major subdisciplines are mineralogy and petrology, geochemistry, geomorphology, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology paleontology], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphy stratigraphy], structural geology, engineering geology and sedimentology.

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology Geology] describes the rocky parts of the Earth's crust (or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithosphere lithosphere]) and its historic development. Major subdisciplines are mineralogy and petrology, geochemistry, geomorphology, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology paleontology], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphy stratigraphy], structural geology, engineering geology and sedimentology.

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography Physical geography] covers the aspects of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology geomorphology], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography oceanography], climatology and biogeography.[citation needed]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography Physical geography] covers the aspects of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology geomorphology], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography oceanography], climatology and biogeography.[citation needed]

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics Geophysics] and geodesy [[investigate]] the shape of the [[Earth]], its reaction to forces and its [[magnetic]] and [[gravity]]  fields. Geophysicists explore the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_core Earth's core] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle mantle] as well as the tectonic and seismic activity of the lithosphere.

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics Geophysics] and geodesy [[investigate]] the shape of the [[Earth]], its reaction to forces and its [[magnetic]] and [[gravity]]  fields. Geophysicists explore the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_core Earth's core] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle mantle] as well as the tectonic and seismic activity of the lithosphere.

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_science Soil science] covers the outermost layer of the Earth's crust that is subject to soil formation processes (or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedosphere pedosphere]). Major subdisciplines include edaphology and pedology.

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_science Soil science] covers the outermost layer of the Earth's crust that is subject to soil formation processes (or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedosphere pedosphere]). Major subdisciplines include edaphology and pedology.

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography Oceanography] and hydrology (includes limnology) describe the marine and freshwater domains of the watery parts of the Earth (or hydrosphere). Major subdisciplines include hydrogeology and physical, chemical, and biological oceanography.[citation needed]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography Oceanography] and hydrology (includes limnology) describe the marine and freshwater domains of the watery parts of the Earth (or hydrosphere). Major subdisciplines include hydrogeology and physical, chemical, and biological oceanography.[citation needed]

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology Glaciology] covers the icy parts of the Earth (or cryosphere).

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology Glaciology] covers the icy parts of the Earth (or cryosphere).

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences Atmospheric sciences] cover the [[gaseous]] parts of the Earth (or [[atmosphere]]) between the surface and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere exosphere] (about 1000 km). Major subdisciplines are meteorology, climatology, atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences Atmospheric sciences] cover the [[gaseous]] parts of the Earth (or [[atmosphere]]) between the surface and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere exosphere] (about 1000 km). Major subdisciplines are meteorology, climatology, atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science]