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[[File:lighterstill.jpg]][[File:Fixation1a.jpg|right|frame]]

[[File:lighterstill.jpg]][[File:Fixation1a.jpg|right|frame]]

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century 14th Century]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century 14th Century]

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

*1a : a [[persistent]] [[concentration]] of [[libidinal]] [[energies]] upon objects characteristic of psychosexual [[stages]] of [[development]] preceding the genital stage

*1a : a [[persistent]] [[concentration]] of [[libidinal]] [[energies]] upon objects characteristic of psychosexual [[stages]] of [[development]] preceding the genital stage

*3: 'An excessively strong [[manifestation]] of these [[instincts]] at a very early age [which] leads to a kind of partial fixation, which then constitutes a weak point in the [[structure]] of the [[sexual]] [[function]]'.

*3: 'An excessively strong [[manifestation]] of these [[instincts]] at a very early age [which] leads to a kind of partial fixation, which then constitutes a weak point in the [[structure]] of the [[sexual]] [[function]]'.

Whether a particularly [[obsessive]] [[attachment]] is a fixation or a defensible [[expression]] of love is at times debatable. Fixation to intangibles (i.e., [[ideas]], [[ideologies]], etc.) can also occur. The obsessive factor is also found in symptoms pertaining to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive_compulsive_disorder obsessive compulsive disorder], which [[psychoanalysts]] linked to 'pregenital fixations' whether caused by 'an alternation of unusual gratifications and unusual [[frustrations]]...[or] a concurrence of instinctual gratifications with [[security]] gratifications'.

Whether a particularly [[obsessive]] [[attachment]] is a fixation or a defensible [[expression]] of love is at times debatable. Fixation to intangibles (i.e., [[ideas]], [[ideologies]], etc.) can also occur. The obsessive factor is also found in symptoms pertaining to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive_compulsive_disorder obsessive compulsive disorder], which [[psychoanalysts]] linked to 'pregenital fixations' whether caused by 'an alternation of unusual gratifications and unusual [[frustrations]]...[or] a concurrence of instinctual gratifications with [[security]] gratifications'.

As Freud's [[thought]] developed, so too did 'the notion of a succession of possible "fixation points"' during [[development]], and of 'the relation between this succession of fixation points and the choice of neurosis'. However he continued to view fixation as 'the [[manifestation]] of very early linkages – linkages which it is hard to resolve – between [[instincts]] and impressions and the objects involved in those impressions'.

As Freud's [[thought]] developed, so too did 'the notion of a succession of possible "fixation points"' during [[development]], and of 'the relation between this succession of fixation points and the choice of neurosis'. However he continued to view fixation as 'the [[manifestation]] of very early linkages – linkages which it is hard to resolve – between [[instincts]] and impressions and the objects involved in those impressions'.

Fixation has been [[compared]] to the way 'if you walk in front of a little chick at a certain time in the chick's life he'll follow you...there's a particular time when he gets "set"'. Such '[[filial]] imprinting...at a particular [[stage]] early in [[life]]...a "[[sensitive]] period" in development' might seem a ready [[explanation]] for the human phenomenon of fixation. Freud, however, 'wanted to loosen, not tighten, the link between [[libido]] and its objects', and always looked for more specific causes for any given (perverse or neurotic) fixation.

Fixation has been [[compared]] to the way 'if you walk in front of a little chick at a certain time in the chick's life he'll follow you...there's a particular time when he gets "set"'. Such '[[filial]] imprinting...at a particular [[stage]] early in [[life]]...a "[[sensitive]] period" in development' might seem a ready [[explanation]] for the human phenomenon of fixation. Freud, however, 'wanted to loosen, not tighten, the link between [[libido]] and its objects', and always looked for more specific causes for any given (perverse or neurotic) fixation.

'For [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Klein Melanie Klein], the fixing of the [[libido]] at a given stage is already an effect of the [[pathological]] [[process]]'. She considered that 'a fixation that leads to a [[symptom]] was already on the way to sublimation but was cut off from it by [[repression]]'.

'For [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Klein Melanie Klein], the fixing of the [[libido]] at a given stage is already an effect of the [[pathological]] [[process]]'. She considered that 'a fixation that leads to a [[symptom]] was already on the way to sublimation but was cut off from it by [[repression]]'.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_H._Erikson Erik H. Erikson] distinguished two variants in [[stage]]-fixation – that of "zone" and of "[[mode]]". Thus at the oral stage there may be 'a zone fixation, i.e., the individual holds on to oral [[pleasures]]', or there may be 'a mode fixation...he always wants to get whether by mouth and [[senses]], or by other apertures, receptors, or behaviours. This kind of fixation will later be carried over to other zones'. He instanced the man who 'may eagerly [[absorb]] the "milk of wisdom" where he once [[desired]] more tangible fluids from more sensuous containers'. His analysand, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Berne Eric Berne] developed his [[insight]] further as part of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis Transactional analysis], suggesting that 'particular games and scripts, and their accompanying physical [[symptoms]], are based in appropriate zones and modes'.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_H._Erikson Erik H. Erikson] distinguished two variants in [[stage]]-fixation – that of "zone" and of "[[mode]]". Thus at the oral stage there may be 'a zone fixation, i.e., the individual holds on to oral [[pleasures]]', or there may be 'a mode fixation...he always wants to get whether by mouth and [[senses]], or by other apertures, receptors, or behaviours. This kind of fixation will later be carried over to other zones'. He instanced the man who 'may eagerly [[absorb]] the "milk of wisdom" where he once [[desired]] more tangible fluids from more sensuous containers'. His analysand, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Berne Eric Berne] developed his [[insight]] further as part of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis Transactional analysis], suggesting that 'particular games and scripts, and their accompanying physical [[symptoms]], are based in appropriate zones and modes'.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Kohut Heinz Kohut] in his [[exploration]] of 'the grandiose [[self]]...regards it as a fixation upon a normal structure of childhood'.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Kohut Heinz Kohut] in his [[exploration]] of 'the grandiose [[self]]...regards it as a fixation upon a normal structure of childhood'.

'The basic idea that people can become fixated in their [[development]] has had an important [[influence]] on many post-Freudian psychoanalytic [[theories]] of [[criminality]], sexual deviancy and [[aggression]]'.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_%28psychology%29]

'The basic idea that people can become fixated in their [[development]] has had an important [[influence]] on many post-Freudian psychoanalytic [[theories]] of [[criminality]], sexual deviancy and [[aggression]]'.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_%28psychology%29]

==See also==

==See also==

*'''''[[Libido]]'''''

*'''''[[Libido]]'''''

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]