Changes

==Origin==

==Origin==

[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''frounen'', from Middle French ''frogner'' to snort, frown, of Celtic origin; akin to Welsh ''ffroen'' nostril, Old Irish ''srón'' nose

[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''frounen'', from Middle French ''frogner'' to snort, frown, of Celtic origin; akin to Welsh ''ffroen'' nostril, Old Irish ''srón'' nose

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century 14th Century]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century 14th Century]

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

*1:  to contract the brow in displeasure or [[concentration]]

*1:  to contract the brow in displeasure or [[concentration]]

A '''frown''' (also known as a ''scowl'') is a facial [[expression]] in which the eyebrows are brought together, and the forehead is wrinkled, usually indicating displeasure, sadness or [[worry]], or less often [[confusion]] or [[concentration]]. The appearance of a frown varies by [[culture]]. Although most technical definitions define it as a wrinkling of the brow, in North America it is primarily [[thought]] of as an [[expression]] of the mouth. In those cases when used [[iconically]], as with an [[emoticon]], it is entirely presented by the curve of the lips forming a down-open curve. The mouth expression is also commonly referred to in the colloquial English phrase "turn that frown upside down" which indicates changing from sad to [[happy]].

A '''frown''' (also known as a ''scowl'') is a facial [[expression]] in which the eyebrows are brought together, and the forehead is wrinkled, usually indicating displeasure, sadness or [[worry]], or less often [[confusion]] or [[concentration]]. The appearance of a frown varies by [[culture]]. Although most technical definitions define it as a wrinkling of the brow, in North America it is primarily [[thought]] of as an [[expression]] of the mouth. In those cases when used [[iconically]], as with an [[emoticon]], it is entirely presented by the curve of the lips forming a down-open curve. The mouth expression is also commonly referred to in the colloquial English phrase "turn that frown upside down" which indicates changing from sad to [[happy]].

In [[social]] settings frowns are most frequently used to [[express]] a range of [[negative]] [[emotions]] including [[anger]] and displeasure. However there are social differences that [[dictate]] who is allowed to frown in any given social setting. Socially [[dominant]] [[individuals]] are more likely to frown than those of a lower [[social status]]. Individuals with a high social status are permitted to display their [[emotions]] more freely, while low dominance individuals are [[expected]] to show signs of [[affiliation]]. It is considered more socially acceptable for [[men]] to display [[negative]] [[emotions]] than [[women]]; women also tend to be less likely to frown than men. Unlike smiling, frowns do not appear to be directly socially [[contagious]]; seeing someone frown does not necessarily make you frown. However, in a [[scientific]] study participants that were subliminally [[exposed]] to frowning faces, were more likely to react with a frown when later shown a neutral face. Frowns can also increase counter-[[empathy]] [[reactions]]. When the loser of a [[competition]] frowns it increases [[brain]] responses associated with [[pleasure]] in the winner, which is possibly related to the feeling of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude schadenfreude] experienced when [[witnessing]] the misfortune of others. Frowns also contribute to impressions formed even during brief encounters with other [[individuals]]. When shown a 30-second video clip (without audio) of a frowning college professor, students tend to rate the professor poorly on [[evaluations]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frown]

In [[social]] settings frowns are most frequently used to [[express]] a range of [[negative]] [[emotions]] including [[anger]] and displeasure. However there are social differences that [[dictate]] who is allowed to frown in any given social setting. Socially [[dominant]] [[individuals]] are more likely to frown than those of a lower [[social status]]. Individuals with a high social status are permitted to display their [[emotions]] more freely, while low dominance individuals are [[expected]] to show signs of [[affiliation]]. It is considered more socially acceptable for [[men]] to display [[negative]] [[emotions]] than [[women]]; women also tend to be less likely to frown than men. Unlike smiling, frowns do not appear to be directly socially [[contagious]]; seeing someone frown does not necessarily make you frown. However, in a [[scientific]] study participants that were subliminally [[exposed]] to frowning faces, were more likely to react with a frown when later shown a neutral face. Frowns can also increase counter-[[empathy]] [[reactions]]. When the loser of a [[competition]] frowns it increases [[brain]] responses associated with [[pleasure]] in the winner, which is possibly related to the feeling of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude schadenfreude] experienced when [[witnessing]] the misfortune of others. Frowns also contribute to impressions formed even during brief encounters with other [[individuals]]. When shown a 30-second video clip (without audio) of a frowning college professor, students tend to rate the professor poorly on [[evaluations]].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frown]

[[Category: Physiology]]

[[Category: Physiology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]