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'''Geoengineering''' (also ''climate engineering'') is the deliberate and large-scale [[intervention]] in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of reducing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming global warming]. The discipline divides broadly into two categories- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal carbon dioxide removal] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation_management solar radiation management]. Carbon dioxide removal addresses a cause of climate change by removing one of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gases greenhouse gases] from the [[atmosphere]]. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the [[Earth]] to absorb less [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation solar radiation].

'''Geoengineering''' (also ''climate engineering'') is the deliberate and large-scale [[intervention]] in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of reducing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming global warming]. The discipline divides broadly into two categories- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal carbon dioxide removal] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation_management solar radiation management]. Carbon dioxide removal addresses a cause of climate change by removing one of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gases greenhouse gases] from the [[atmosphere]]. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the [[Earth]] to absorb less [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation solar radiation].

The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] (IPCC) concluded in 2007 that geoengineering options remained largely unproven.[4]

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] (IPCC) concluded in 2007 that geoengineering options remained largely unproven.[4]

''Geoengineering'' has been proposed as a [[potential]] third [[option]] for tackling global warming, alongside mitigation and adaptation. Scientists do not typically suggest geoengineering as an alternative to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution emissions control], but rather an accompanying strategy. Reviews of geoengineering techniques have emphasised that they are not substitutes for emission controls and have identified potentially stronger and weaker schemes.

''Geoengineering'' has been proposed as a [[potential]] third [[option]] for tackling global warming, alongside mitigation and adaptation. Scientists do not typically suggest geoengineering as an alternative to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution emissions control], but rather an accompanying strategy. Reviews of geoengineering techniques have emphasised that they are not substitutes for emission controls and have identified potentially stronger and weaker schemes.

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Geo-engineering''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Geo-engineering '''''this link'''''].</center>

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Geo-engineering''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Geo-engineering '''''this link'''''].</center>

There are no known large-scale geoengineering projects except one conducted outside the scientific [[mainstream]] by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_George Russ George]. Almost all [[research]] has consisted of [[computer modelling]] or [[laboratory]] tests, and attempts to move to real-world [[experimentation]] have proved [[controversial]]. Some limited tree planting and cool roof projects are already underway. Ocean [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_fertilization iron fertilization] has been given small-scale research trials. Field research into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospheric_sulphur_aerosols_(geoengineering) sulfur aerosols] has also started.

There are no known large-scale geoengineering projects except one conducted outside the scientific [[mainstream]] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_George Russ George]. Almost all [[research]] has consisted of [[computer modelling]] or [[laboratory]] tests, and attempts to move to real-world [[experimentation]] have proved [[controversial]]. Some limited tree planting and cool roof projects are already underway. Ocean [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_fertilization iron fertilization] has been given small-scale research trials. Field research into [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospheric_sulphur_aerosols_(geoengineering) sulfur aerosols] has also started.

Various criticisms have been made of geoengineering and some commentators appear fundamentally opposed. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering presents a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_hazard moral hazard] because it could reduce the political and popular [[pressure]] for emissions reduction.  Groups such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETC_Group ETC Group] and individuals such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Pierrehumbert Raymond Pierrehumbert] have called for a moratorium on deployment and out-of-doors testing of geoengineering techniques.[16][17] The full effects of various geoengineering schemes are not well understood.[unreliable source?

Various criticisms have been made of geoengineering and some commentators appear fundamentally opposed. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering presents a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_hazard moral hazard] because it could reduce the political and popular [[pressure]] for emissions reduction.  Groups such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETC_Group ETC Group] and individuals such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Pierrehumbert Raymond Pierrehumbert] have called for a moratorium on deployment and out-of-doors testing of geoengineering techniques.[16][17] The full effects of various geoengineering schemes are not well understood.[unreliable source?

Several notable [[organizations]] have investigated geoengineering with a view to evaluating its [[potential]], including the US Congress, NASA, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society Royal Society], the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, and the UK Parliament, The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asilomar_International_Conference_on_Climate_Intervention_Technologies Asilomar International Conference on Climate Intervention Technologies] was convened to identify and develop risk reduction guidelines for climate intervention experimentation.[25]

Several notable [[organizations]] have investigated geoengineering with a view to evaluating its [[potential]], including the US Congress, NASA, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society Royal Society], the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, and the UK Parliament, The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asilomar_International_Conference_on_Climate_Intervention_Technologies Asilomar International Conference on Climate Intervention Technologies] was convened to identify and develop risk reduction guidelines for climate intervention experimentation.[25]

Major environmental organisations such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth Friends of the Earth] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace Greenpeace] have typically been reluctant to endorse solar radiation management, but are often more supportive of some carbon dioxide removal projects, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestation afforestation] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland_restoration peatland restoration]. Some authors have argued that any public support for geoengineering may weaken the fragile political consensus to reduce [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas greenhouse gas emissions].

Major environmental organisations such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth Friends of the Earth] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace Greenpeace] have typically been reluctant to endorse solar radiation management, but are often more supportive of some carbon dioxide removal projects, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestation afforestation] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland_restoration peatland restoration]. Some authors have argued that any public support for geoengineering may weaken the fragile political consensus to reduce [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas greenhouse gas emissions].

==See also==

==See also==

*'''''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemtrails Chemtrails]'''''

*'''''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemtrails Chemtrails]'''''

[[Category: Earth Science]]

[[Category: Earth Science]]