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While many who grieve are able to work through their loss independently, accessing additional support from [[professional]] psychiatrists or therapy may promote the [[process]] of [[healing]]. Grief counseling, professional support groups or educational classes, and peer-led support groups are primary resources available to the bereaved. In the United States, local hospice agencies may be an important first contact for those seeking bereavement support.

While many who grieve are able to work through their loss independently, accessing additional support from [[professional]] psychiatrists or therapy may promote the [[process]] of [[healing]]. Grief counseling, professional support groups or educational classes, and peer-led support groups are primary resources available to the bereaved. In the United States, local hospice agencies may be an important first contact for those seeking bereavement support.

==Stage theories and processes==

==Stage theories and processes==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Kübler-Ross Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross] posited sequential stages of grief including denial, [[anger]], bargaining, [[depression]], and [[acceptance]], which are commonly referred to as the "grief cycle."

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Kübler-Ross Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross] posited sequential stages of grief including denial, [[anger]], bargaining, [[depression]], and [[acceptance]], which are commonly referred to as the "grief cycle."

The stages model, which came about in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60%27s 1960]s, is [[theoretical]], based on [[observation]] of people who are dying, not on [[scientific]] [[research]] into the [[experiences]] of people who have survived the death of a loved one. This [[model]] has largely been debunked because of the rigorous work of bereavement research pioneer, George Bonanno.

The stages model, which came about in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60%27s 1960]s, is [[theoretical]], based on [[observation]] of people who are dying, not on [[scientific]] [[research]] into the [[experiences]] of people who have survived the death of a loved one. This [[model]] has largely been debunked because of the rigorous work of bereavement research pioneer, George Bonanno.

In 1991, Bonanno began studying grief for the first time using rigorous, peer-reviewed scientific [[techniques]]. Until then, the field of grief was largely based on theoretical models, such as the stages model, or that of John Bowlby and Parkes, or [[Sigmund Freud]]. Bonanno's [1] many studies followed people over time who have suffered a loss: such as death of a child, a spouse, or a loved one. In none of his many studies did he find [[evidence]] that the stages exist. In large part due to his work, the stages model is now considered invalid scientifically but it remains a popular [[idea]] among the [[public]].[2]

In 1991, Bonanno began studying grief for the first time using rigorous, peer-reviewed scientific [[techniques]]. Until then, the field of grief was largely based on theoretical models, such as the stages model, or that of John Bowlby and Parkes, or [[Sigmund Freud]]. Bonanno's [1] many studies followed people over time who have suffered a loss: such as death of a child, a spouse, or a loved one. In none of his many studies did he find [[evidence]] that the stages exist. In large part due to his work, the stages model is now considered invalid scientifically but it remains a popular [[idea]] among the [[public]].[2]

Different cultures grieve in [[different]] ways, but all have ways that are vital in healthy coping with the [[death]] of a loved one.[10]

Different cultures grieve in [[different]] ways, but all have ways that are vital in healthy coping with the [[death]] of a loved one.[10]

==Notes==

==Notes==

# http://www.tc.columbia.edu/faculty/index.htm?facid=gab38 George A. Bonanno's Columbia University Faculty Website

# https://www.tc.columbia.edu/faculty/index.htm?facid=gab38 George A. Bonanno's Columbia University Faculty Website

# http://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/basic/book_detail.jsp?isbn=0465013600 "The Other Side of Sadness: What the New Science of Bereavement Tells us About Life After the Loss"

# https://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/basic/book_detail.jsp?isbn=0465013600 "The Other Side of Sadness: What the New Science of Bereavement Tells us About Life After the Loss"

# http://www.grief.net/Articles/Myth%20of%20Stages.pdf

# https://www.grief.net/Articles/Myth%20of%20Stages.pdf

# O'Connor MF, Irwin MR, Wellisch DK. (2009). "When grief heats up: Pro-inflammatory cytokines predict regional brain activation", Neuroimage, 47: 891–896PMID 19481155 doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.049

# O'Connor MF, Irwin MR, Wellisch DK. (2009). "When grief heats up: Pro-inflammatory cytokines predict regional brain activation", Neuroimage, 47: 891–896PMID 19481155 doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.049

# Freed PJ, Yanagihara TK, Hirsch J, Mann JJ. (2009). Neural mechanisms of grief regulation. Biol Psychiatry. 66(1):33-40. PMID 19249748

# Freed PJ, Yanagihara TK, Hirsch J, Mann JJ. (2009). Neural mechanisms of grief regulation. Biol Psychiatry. 66(1):33-40. PMID 19249748