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'''Guilt''' is a [[cognitive]] or an [[emotion]]al [[experience]] that occurs when a [[person]] realizes or believes - whether justified or not - that he or she has violated a moral [[standard]], and is responsible for that violation.[1] It is closely related to the [[concept]] of remorse.

'''Guilt''' is a [[cognitive]] or an [[emotion]]al [[experience]] that occurs when a [[person]] realizes or believes - whether justified or not - that he or she has violated a moral [[standard]], and is responsible for that violation.[1] It is closely related to the [[concept]] of remorse.

 

In [[psychology]], as well as in ordinary [[language]], guilt is an affective state in which one experiences conflict at having done something that one believes one should not have done (or conversely, having not done something one believes one should have done). It gives rise to a [[feeling]] which does not go away easily, driven by 'conscience'. [[Sigmund Freud]] described this as the result of a struggle between the [[ego]] and the superego parental imprinting. Freud, an [[atheist]], rejected the role of [[God]] as punisher in times of illness or rewarder in time of wellness. While removing one source of guilt from patients, he ironically added another. This was the [[unconscious]] force within the [[individual]] that may contribute to illness and also to the kind of so called accident that, until then had been attributed to God's will or simply bad [[luck]]. Today, as a result of Freud's views, even the victim of someone else's accident or bad luck may be offered criticism rather than comfort. The [[theory]] is that the victim may be at fault for having attracted the other person's hostility.[2] Guilt and its causes, merits, and demerits are common themes in psychology and psychiatry. It is often associated with [[anxiety]], and sometimes [[depression]]. The philosopher [[Martin Buber]] underlined the [[difference]] between the Freudian notion of guilt, based on internal conflicts, and [[existential]] guilt, based on actual harm done to others.[3]

In [[psychology]], as well as in ordinary [[language]], guilt is an affective state in which one experiences conflict at having done something that one believes one should not have done (or conversely, having not done something one believes one should have done). It gives rise to a [[feeling]] which does not go away easily, driven by 'conscience'. [[Sigmund Freud]] described this as the result of a struggle between the [[ego]] and the superego parental imprinting. Freud, an [[atheist]], rejected the role of [[God]] as punisher in times of illness or rewarder in time of wellness. While removing one source of guilt from patients, he ironically added another. This was the [[unconscious]] force within the [[individual]] that may contribute to illness and also to the kind of so called accident that, until then had been attributed to God's will or simply bad [[luck]]. Today, as a result of Freud's views, even the victim of someone else's accident or bad luck may be offered criticism rather than comfort. The [[theory]] is that the victim may be at fault for having attracted the other person's hostility.[2] Guilt and its causes, merits, and demerits are common themes in psychology and psychiatry. It is often associated with [[anxiety]], and sometimes [[depression]]. The philosopher [[Martin Buber]] underlined the [[difference]] between the Freudian notion of guilt, based on internal conflicts, and [[existential]] guilt, based on actual harm done to others.[3]

Guilt can sometimes be remedied by: punishment (a common action and advised or required in many legal and moral codes); [[forgiveness]] (as in transformative [[justice]]); or sincere remorse (as with confession in Catholicism or restorative justice). Guilt can also be remedied through intellectualization or [[cognition]] [8] (the understanding that the source of the guilty feelings was il[[logic]]al or irrelevant). Law does not usually accept the agent's self-punishment, but some ancient codes did: in Athens, the accused was permitted to propose his or her own remedy, which might in fact be a reward, while the accuser proposed another, and the jury chose something in-between. This forced the accused to effectively bet on his support in the [[community]], as [[Socrates]] did when he proposed "room and board in the town hall" as his fate. He lost, and drank hemlock, a poison, as advised by his accuser.

Guilt can sometimes be remedied by: punishment (a common action and advised or required in many legal and moral codes); [[forgiveness]] (as in transformative [[justice]]); or sincere remorse (as with confession in Catholicism or restorative justice). Guilt can also be remedied through intellectualization or [[cognition]] [8] (the understanding that the source of the guilty feelings was il[[logic]]al or irrelevant). Law does not usually accept the agent's self-punishment, but some ancient codes did: in Athens, the accused was permitted to propose his or her own remedy, which might in fact be a reward, while the accuser proposed another, and the jury chose something in-between. This forced the accused to effectively bet on his support in the [[community]], as [[Socrates]] did when he proposed "room and board in the town hall" as his fate. He lost, and drank hemlock, a poison, as advised by his accuser.

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

*"Guilt in Think On These Things". http://www.svchapel.org/Resources/articles/read_articles.asp?id=3. Retrieved on 2006-02-16.  by Gary Gilley

*"Guilt in Think On These Things". https://www.svchapel.org/Resources/articles/read_articles.asp?id=3. Retrieved on 2006-02-16.  by Gary Gilley

* "The Innocent Bear the Guilt for the Guilty Ones". http://TarotCanada.tripod.com/GermanyCollectiveGuilt.html. Retrieved on 2007-05-10.  by Gerd Altendorff translation by Jochen Reiss

* "The Innocent Bear the Guilt for the Guilty Ones". https://TarotCanada.tripod.com/GermanyCollectiveGuilt.html. Retrieved on 2007-05-10.  by Gerd Altendorff translation by Jochen Reiss

* Tangney JP, Miller RS, Flicker L, Barlow DH (Jun 1996). "Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions?". J Pers Soc Psychol 70 (6): 1256–69. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1256. PMID 8667166. http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/70/6/1256.  

* Tangney JP, Miller RS, Flicker L, Barlow DH (Jun 1996). "Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions?". J Pers Soc Psychol 70 (6): 1256–69. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1256. PMID 8667166. https://content.apa.org/journals/psp/70/6/1256.  

==References==

==References==