Changes

==Origin==

==Origin==

French arrogant, < [[Latin]] arrogāntem assuming, overbearing, insolent, present participle of arrogāre

French arrogant, < [[Latin]] arrogāntem assuming, overbearing, insolent, present participle of arrogāre

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century 14th Century]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century 14th Century]

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

*1: : an [[attitude]] of superiority [[manifested]] in an overbearing [[manner]] or in presumptuous claims or [[assumption]]

*1: : an [[attitude]] of superiority [[manifested]] in an overbearing [[manner]] or in presumptuous claims or [[assumption]]

'''Hubris''' (play /ˈhjuːbrɪs/), also hybris, means [[extreme]] haughtiness, pride or arrogance. Hubris often indicates a loss of contact with reality and an overestimation of one's own competence or capabilities, especially when the person exhibiting it is in a position of power.

'''Hubris''' (play /ˈhjuːbrɪs/), also hybris, means [[extreme]] haughtiness, pride or arrogance. Hubris often indicates a loss of contact with reality and an overestimation of one's own competence or capabilities, especially when the person exhibiting it is in a position of power.

==Ancient Greek origin==

==Ancient Greek origin==

In ancient Greece, hubris ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek ancient Greek] ὕβρις) referred to [[actions]] that [[shame]]d and humiliated the [[victim]] for the [[pleasure]] or gratification of the abuser. The term had a strong [[sexual]] connotation, and the [[shame]] [[reflected]] on the perpetrator as well. It was most [[evident]] in the [[public]] and [[private]] [[actions]] of the powerful and [[rich]]. The [[word]] was also used to describe [[actions]] of those who [[challenged]] the gods or their [[laws]], especially in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_tragedy Greek tragedy], resulting in the protagonist's downfall.

In ancient Greece, hubris ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek ancient Greek] ὕβρις) referred to [[actions]] that [[shame]]d and humiliated the [[victim]] for the [[pleasure]] or gratification of the abuser. The term had a strong [[sexual]] connotation, and the [[shame]] [[reflected]] on the perpetrator as well. It was most [[evident]] in the [[public]] and [[private]] [[actions]] of the powerful and [[rich]]. The [[word]] was also used to describe [[actions]] of those who [[challenged]] the gods or their [[laws]], especially in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_tragedy Greek tragedy], resulting in the protagonist's downfall.

Hubris, though not specifically defined, was a [[legal]] term and was considered a [[crime]] in classical [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens Athens]. It was also considered the greatest [[crime]] of the ancient Greek world. The category of [[acts]] constituting hubris for the ancient Greeks apparently broadened from the [[original]] specific [[reference]] to mutilation of a corpse, or a [[humiliation]] of a defeated [[foe]], or irreverent "outrageous treatment" in general. It often resulted in [[fatal]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retribution retribution] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesis_(mythology) Nemesis]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%AB ''Atë''], ancient Greek for "ruin, [[folly]], [[delusion]]," is the [[action]] [[performed]] by the [[hero]], usually because of his/her hubris, or great [[pride]], that leads to his/her [[death]] or downfall.

Hubris, though not specifically defined, was a [[legal]] term and was considered a [[crime]] in classical [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens Athens]. It was also considered the greatest [[crime]] of the ancient Greek world. The category of [[acts]] constituting hubris for the ancient Greeks apparently broadened from the [[original]] specific [[reference]] to mutilation of a corpse, or a [[humiliation]] of a defeated [[foe]], or irreverent "outrageous treatment" in general. It often resulted in [[fatal]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retribution retribution] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesis_(mythology) Nemesis]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%AB ''Atë''], ancient Greek for "ruin, [[folly]], [[delusion]]," is the [[action]] [[performed]] by the [[hero]], usually because of his/her hubris, or great [[pride]], that leads to his/her [[death]] or downfall.

Violations of the [[law]] against hubris included what might today be termed [[assault]] and battery; [[sex]] [[crimes]] ranging from [[rape]] of women or children to consensual but improper activities, in particular [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_sex anal sex] with a free man or with an unconsenting or under-aged boy; or the theft of [[public]] or [[sacred]] [[property]]. Two well-known cases are found in the speeches of Demosthenes, a prominent statesman and orator in ancient Greece. These two examples occurred when first, Midias punched [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosthenes Demosthenes] in the face in the theater (''Against Midias''), and second when (in ''Against Conon'') a defendant allegedly assaulted a man and crowed over the [[victim]]. Yet another example of hubris appears in Aeschines ''Against Timarchus'', where the defendant, Timarchus, is accused of breaking the [[law]] of hubris by submitting himself to [[prostitution]] and anal intercourse. Aeschines brought this suit against Timarchus to bar him from the rights of [[political]] office and his case succeeded.

Violations of the [[law]] against hubris included what might today be termed [[assault]] and battery; [[sex]] [[crimes]] ranging from [[rape]] of women or children to consensual but improper activities, in particular [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_sex anal sex] with a free man or with an unconsenting or under-aged boy; or the theft of [[public]] or [[sacred]] [[property]]. Two well-known cases are found in the speeches of Demosthenes, a prominent statesman and orator in ancient Greece. These two examples occurred when first, Midias punched [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosthenes Demosthenes] in the face in the theater (''Against Midias''), and second when (in ''Against Conon'') a defendant allegedly assaulted a man and crowed over the [[victim]]. Yet another example of hubris appears in Aeschines ''Against Timarchus'', where the defendant, Timarchus, is accused of breaking the [[law]] of hubris by submitting himself to [[prostitution]] and anal intercourse. Aeschines brought this suit against Timarchus to bar him from the rights of [[political]] office and his case succeeded.

One example of hubris occurs in Sophocles's ''Antigone'' when Creon refuses to bury Polynices. Another example is in the tragedy [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamemnon ''Agamemnon''], by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus Aeschylus]. Agamemnon initially rejects the hubris of walking on the fine purple tapestry, an act suggested by Clytemnestra, in [[hopes]] of bringing his ruin. This [[act]] may be seen as a desecration of a divinely woven tapestry, as a general flouting of the strictures imposed by the gods, or simply as an act of [[extreme]] [[pride]] and lack of [[humility]] before the gods, tempting them to retribution. One other example is that of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus Oedipus]. In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophocles Sophocles]' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus_Rex ''Oedipus Rex''], while on the road to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_(Boeotia) Thebes], Oedipus meets King Laius of Thebes who is [[unknown]] to him as his biological [[father]]. Oedipus kills King Laius in a [[dispute]] over which of them has the right of way, thereby fulfilling the [[prophecy]] that Oedipus is destined to murder his own father. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icarus Icarus], flying too close to the [[sun]] despite [[warning]], has been [[interpreted]] by ancient authors as hubris, leading to swift retribution. In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey Odyssey], the [[behaviour]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope Penelope]'s suitors is called hubris by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer Homer], possibly still in a broader [[meaning]] than was later applied. The blinding and mocking of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphemos Polyphemos] called down the nemesis of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon Poseidon] upon [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus Odysseus]; Poseidon already bore Odysseus a grudge for not giving him a [[sacrifice]] when Poseidon prevented the Greeks from being [[discovered]] inside the Trojan Horse. Specifically, Odysseus' telling Polyphemos his true name after having already [[escaped]] was an act of hubris.

One example of hubris occurs in Sophocles's ''Antigone'' when Creon refuses to bury Polynices. Another example is in the tragedy [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamemnon ''Agamemnon''], by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus Aeschylus]. Agamemnon initially rejects the hubris of walking on the fine purple tapestry, an act suggested by Clytemnestra, in [[hopes]] of bringing his ruin. This [[act]] may be seen as a desecration of a divinely woven tapestry, as a general flouting of the strictures imposed by the gods, or simply as an act of [[extreme]] [[pride]] and lack of [[humility]] before the gods, tempting them to retribution. One other example is that of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus Oedipus]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophocles Sophocles]' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus_Rex ''Oedipus Rex''], while on the road to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_(Boeotia) Thebes], Oedipus meets King Laius of Thebes who is [[unknown]] to him as his biological [[father]]. Oedipus kills King Laius in a [[dispute]] over which of them has the right of way, thereby fulfilling the [[prophecy]] that Oedipus is destined to murder his own father. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icarus Icarus], flying too close to the [[sun]] despite [[warning]], has been [[interpreted]] by ancient authors as hubris, leading to swift retribution. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey Odyssey], the [[behaviour]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope Penelope]'s suitors is called hubris by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer Homer], possibly still in a broader [[meaning]] than was later applied. The blinding and mocking of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphemos Polyphemos] called down the nemesis of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon Poseidon] upon [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus Odysseus]; Poseidon already bore Odysseus a grudge for not giving him a [[sacrifice]] when Poseidon prevented the Greeks from being [[discovered]] inside the Trojan Horse. Specifically, Odysseus' telling Polyphemos his true name after having already [[escaped]] was an act of hubris.

Hubris against the gods is often attributed as a [[character]] flaw of the heroes in Greek tragedy, and the cause of the "nemesis", or destruction, which befalls these characters. However, this represents only a small [[proportion]] of occurrences of hubris in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Literature Greek literature], and for the most part hubris refers to infractions by [[mortals]] against other mortals. Therefore, it is now generally [[agreed]] that the Greeks did not generally think of hubris as a [[religious]] matter, still less that it was normally punished by the gods. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus Herodotus] made it clear in a passage,

Hubris against the gods is often attributed as a [[character]] flaw of the heroes in Greek tragedy, and the cause of the "nemesis", or destruction, which befalls these characters. However, this represents only a small [[proportion]] of occurrences of hubris in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Literature Greek literature], and for the most part hubris refers to infractions by [[mortals]] against other mortals. Therefore, it is now generally [[agreed]] that the Greeks did not generally think of hubris as a [[religious]] matter, still less that it was normally punished by the gods. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus Herodotus] made it clear in a passage,

<blockquote>Seest thou how God with his lightning smites always the bigger animals, and will not suffer them to wax insolent, while those of a lesser bulk chafe him not? How likewise his bolts fall ever on the highest houses and the tallest trees? So plainly does He love to bring down everything that exalts itself. Thus ofttimes a mighty host is discomfited by a few men, when God in his jealousy sends fear or storm from heaven, and they perish in a way unworthy of them. For God allows no one to have high thoughts but Himself.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Seest thou how God with his lightning smites always the bigger animals, and will not suffer them to wax insolent, while those of a lesser bulk chafe him not? How likewise his bolts fall ever on the highest houses and the tallest trees? So plainly does He love to bring down everything that exalts itself. Thus ofttimes a mighty host is discomfited by a few men, when God in his jealousy sends fear or storm from heaven, and they perish in a way unworthy of them. For God allows no one to have high thoughts but Himself.</blockquote>

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle Aristotle] defined hubris as [[Shame|shaming]] the [[victim]], not because anything happened to you or might happen to you, but merely for your own [[gratification]]. Hubris is not the requital of past injuries—that's [[revenge]]. As for the [[pleasure]] in hubris, its cause is this: men [[think]] that by ill-treating others they make their own superiority the greater.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle Aristotle] defined hubris as [[Shame|shaming]] the [[victim]], not because anything happened to you or might happen to you, but merely for your own [[gratification]]. Hubris is not the requital of past injuries—that's [[revenge]]. As for the [[pleasure]] in hubris, its cause is this: men [[think]] that by ill-treating others they make their own superiority the greater.

Crucial to this definition are the ancient Greek [[concepts]] of [[honor]] (τιμή, timē) and [[shame]] (αἰδώς, aidōs). The concept of τιμή included not only the exaltation of the one receiving [[honor]], but also the shaming of the one overcome by the [[act]] of hubris. This [[concept]] of [[honor]] is akin to a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum zero-sum] game. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Rehm Rush Rehm] [[simplifies]] this definition to the contemporary concept of "insolence, [[contempt]], and excessive [[violence]]".

Crucial to this definition are the ancient Greek [[concepts]] of [[honor]] (τιμή, timē) and [[shame]] (αἰδώς, aidōs). The concept of τιμή included not only the exaltation of the one receiving [[honor]], but also the shaming of the one overcome by the [[act]] of hubris. This [[concept]] of [[honor]] is akin to a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum zero-sum] game. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Rehm Rush Rehm] [[simplifies]] this definition to the contemporary concept of "insolence, [[contempt]], and excessive [[violence]]".

==Modern usage==

==Modern usage==

In its [[modern]] usage, hubris denotes overconfident [[pride]] and arrogance; it is often associated with a lack of [[humility]], not always with the lack of [[knowledge]]. An [[accusation]] of hubris often implies that [[suffering]] or [[punishment]] will follow, similar to the occasional pairing of hubris and nemesis in the Greek world. The [[proverb]] "pride goes before a fall" is [[thought]] to sum up the modern definition of hubris. It is also referred to as "pride that blinds", as it often causes someone [[accused]] of hubris to act in [[foolish]] ways that belie [[common sense]]. More recently, in his two-volume biography of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler Adolf Hitler], historian [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw Ian Kershaw] uses both 'hubris' and 'nemesis' as titles. The first volume, 'Hubris', describes Hitler's early life and rise to power. The second, 'Nemesis', gives details of Hitler's role in the [[Second World War]], and concludes with his fall and [[suicide]] in 1945.

In its [[modern]] usage, hubris denotes overconfident [[pride]] and arrogance; it is often associated with a lack of [[humility]], not always with the lack of [[knowledge]]. An [[accusation]] of hubris often implies that [[suffering]] or [[punishment]] will follow, similar to the occasional pairing of hubris and nemesis in the Greek world. The [[proverb]] "pride goes before a fall" is [[thought]] to sum up the modern definition of hubris. It is also referred to as "pride that blinds", as it often causes someone [[accused]] of hubris to act in [[foolish]] ways that belie [[common sense]]. More recently, in his two-volume biography of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler Adolf Hitler], historian [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw Ian Kershaw] uses both 'hubris' and 'nemesis' as titles. The first volume, 'Hubris', describes Hitler's early life and rise to power. The second, 'Nemesis', gives details of Hitler's role in the [[Second World War]], and concludes with his fall and [[suicide]] in 1945.

Examples of hubris are often found in [[fiction]], most famously in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost Paradise Lost], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton John Milton]'s depiction of the biblical [[Lucifer]]. Victor in Mary Shelley's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein Frankenstein] [[manifests]] hubris in his attempt to become a great scientist by creating life, but [[eventually]] [[regret]]s this previous [[desire]]. Marlowe's play [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Faustus Doctor Faustus] portrays the titular character as a [[scholar]] whose arrogance and [[pride]] compel him to sign a deal with the [[devil]], and retain his haughtiness until his [[death]] and [[Curse|damnation]], despite the [[fact]] that he could have easily [[repented]] had he chosen so.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubris]

Examples of hubris are often found in [[fiction]], most famously in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost Paradise Lost], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton John Milton]'s depiction of the biblical [[Lucifer]]. Victor in Mary Shelley's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein Frankenstein] [[manifests]] hubris in his attempt to become a great scientist by creating life, but [[eventually]] [[regret]]s this previous [[desire]]. Marlowe's play [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Faustus Doctor Faustus] portrays the titular character as a [[scholar]] whose arrogance and [[pride]] compel him to sign a deal with the [[devil]], and retain his haughtiness until his [[death]] and [[Curse|damnation]], despite the [[fact]] that he could have easily [[repented]] had he chosen so.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubris]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Languages and Literature]]

[[Category: Languages and Literature]]