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Human Being (view source)

Revision as of 13:59, 1 January 2008

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== Culture ==
 
== Culture ==
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{{Social Infobox/Human}}
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{{details more|Culture}}
      
[[Culture]] is defined here as a set of distinctive material, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual features of a social group, including art, literature, lifestyles, value systems, traditions, rituals, and beliefs. The link between human biology and human behavior and culture is often very close, making it difficult to clearly divide topics into one area or the other; as such, the placement of some subjects may be based primarily on convention.
 
[[Culture]] is defined here as a set of distinctive material, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual features of a social group, including art, literature, lifestyles, value systems, traditions, rituals, and beliefs. The link between human biology and human behavior and culture is often very close, making it difficult to clearly divide topics into one area or the other; as such, the placement of some subjects may be based primarily on convention.
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=== Language ===
 
=== Language ===
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{{details more|Language}}
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The capacity humans have to transfer concepts, ideas and notions through speech and writing is unrivaled in known species. The faculty of [[Speech communication|speech]] is a defining feature of humanity, possibly predating [[phylogenetic]] separation of the modern population (''see [[origin of language]]''). [[Language]] is central to the [[communication]] between humans, as well as being central to the sense of identity that unites [[nation]]s, [[culture]]s and [[ethnic group]]s.
 
The capacity humans have to transfer concepts, ideas and notions through speech and writing is unrivaled in known species. The faculty of [[Speech communication|speech]] is a defining feature of humanity, possibly predating [[phylogenetic]] separation of the modern population (''see [[origin of language]]''). [[Language]] is central to the [[communication]] between humans, as well as being central to the sense of identity that unites [[nation]]s, [[culture]]s and [[ethnic group]]s.
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=== Art, music and literature ===
 
=== Art, music and literature ===
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[[Image:Lorenzo Lippi 001.jpg|thumb|170px|right|''Allegory of Music'' (ca. 1594), a [[painting]] of a woman writing [[sheet music]] by [[Lorenzo Lippi]].]]
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{{details more|Art|Music|Literature}}
   
Artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind, from early [[Prehistory|pre-historic]] art to contemporary art. Art is one of the most unusual aspects of human behavior and a key distinguishing feature of humans from other species.
 
Artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind, from early [[Prehistory|pre-historic]] art to contemporary art. Art is one of the most unusual aspects of human behavior and a key distinguishing feature of humans from other species.
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=== Spirituality and religion ===
 
=== Spirituality and religion ===
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{{details more|Spirituality|Religion}}
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[[Spirituality]], belief or involvement in matters of the [[soul]] or [[spirit]], is one of the many different approaches humans take in trying to answer fundamental questions about humankind's place in the universe, the [[meaning of life]], and the ideal way to live one's life. Though these topics have also been addressed by [[philosophy]], and to some extent by [[science]], spirituality is unique in that it focuses on [[mystical]] or [[supernatural]] concepts such as [[karma]] and [[God]].  
 
[[Spirituality]], belief or involvement in matters of the [[soul]] or [[spirit]], is one of the many different approaches humans take in trying to answer fundamental questions about humankind's place in the universe, the [[meaning of life]], and the ideal way to live one's life. Though these topics have also been addressed by [[philosophy]], and to some extent by [[science]], spirituality is unique in that it focuses on [[mystical]] or [[supernatural]] concepts such as [[karma]] and [[God]].  
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=== Philosophy and self-reflection ===
 
=== Philosophy and self-reflection ===
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{{details more|Philosophy|Human self-reflection|Human nature}}
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[[Philosophy]] is a discipline or field of study involving the investigation, analysis, and development of ideas at a general, abstract, or fundamental level. It is the discipline searching for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative means.
 
[[Philosophy]] is a discipline or field of study involving the investigation, analysis, and development of ideas at a general, abstract, or fundamental level. It is the discipline searching for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative means.
    
The core philosophical disciplines are [[logic]], [[ontology]] or [[metaphysics]], [[epistemology]], and [[axiology]], which includes the branches of [[ethics]] and [[aesthetics]]. Philosophy covers a very wide range of approaches, and is also used to refer to a [[worldview]], to a perspective on an issue, or to the positions argued for by a particular philosopher or school of philosophy.
 
The core philosophical disciplines are [[logic]], [[ontology]] or [[metaphysics]], [[epistemology]], and [[axiology]], which includes the branches of [[ethics]] and [[aesthetics]]. Philosophy covers a very wide range of approaches, and is also used to refer to a [[worldview]], to a perspective on an issue, or to the positions argued for by a particular philosopher or school of philosophy.
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[[Image:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg|thumb|right|[[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] in a detail from [[The School of Athens]] by [[Raphael]].]]
   
[[Metaphysics]] is a branch of philosophy concerned with the study of [[first principles]], [[being]] and [[existence]] ([[ontology]]). In between the doctrines of religion and science, stands the [[philosophy|philosophical]] perspective of [[cosmology (metaphysics)|metaphysical cosmology]]. This ancient field of study seeks to draw logical conclusions about the nature of the universe, humanity, god, and/or their connections based on the extension of some set of presumed facts borrowed from religion and/or observation.<!-- For some reason the only two philosophies that were at all explained in this section were metaphysics and philosophy of mind. A broader, and less specific, explanation of the field is necessary. -->
 
[[Metaphysics]] is a branch of philosophy concerned with the study of [[first principles]], [[being]] and [[existence]] ([[ontology]]). In between the doctrines of religion and science, stands the [[philosophy|philosophical]] perspective of [[cosmology (metaphysics)|metaphysical cosmology]]. This ancient field of study seeks to draw logical conclusions about the nature of the universe, humanity, god, and/or their connections based on the extension of some set of presumed facts borrowed from religion and/or observation.<!-- For some reason the only two philosophies that were at all explained in this section were metaphysics and philosophy of mind. A broader, and less specific, explanation of the field is necessary. -->
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=== Science and technology ===
 
=== Science and technology ===
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[[Image:Apollo Moonwalk2.jpg|thumb|right|205px|In the mid- to late 20th century, humans achieved a level of technological mastery sufficient to leave the atmosphere of [[Earth]] for the first time, [[space exploration|explore space]] and [[Apollo 11|walk on the moon]].]]
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{{details more|Science|Technology}}
   
Science is the discovery of knowledge about the world by verifiable means. Technology is the objects humans make to serve their purposes.
 
Science is the discovery of knowledge about the world by verifiable means. Technology is the objects humans make to serve their purposes.
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=== Race and ethnicity ===
 
=== Race and ethnicity ===
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{{details more|Race|Ethnic group}}
   
Humans often categorize themselves in terms of [[race]] or [[ethnic group|ethnicity]], although the validity of human races as true biological categories is questionable.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Royal C, Dunston G | title = Changing the paradigm from 'race' to human genome variation. | url=http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1454.html | journal = Nat Genet | volume = 36 | issue = 11 Suppl | pages = S5-7 | year = 2004 | id = PMID 15508004}}</ref> Human racial categories are based on both [[ancestry]] and visible [[trait (biological)|traits]], especially [[human skin color|skin color]] and facial features. These categories may also carry some information on non-visible biological traits, such as the risk of developing particular diseases such as [[sickle-cell disease]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Risch, N., Burchard, E., Ziv, E. and Tang, H. | year = 2002 | month = | title = Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease | journal = Genome Biology | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = comment2007.2001 - comment2007.2012 | pmid=12184798 | url = http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/7/comment/2007 }}</ref>
 
Humans often categorize themselves in terms of [[race]] or [[ethnic group|ethnicity]], although the validity of human races as true biological categories is questionable.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Royal C, Dunston G | title = Changing the paradigm from 'race' to human genome variation. | url=http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1454.html | journal = Nat Genet | volume = 36 | issue = 11 Suppl | pages = S5-7 | year = 2004 | id = PMID 15508004}}</ref> Human racial categories are based on both [[ancestry]] and visible [[trait (biological)|traits]], especially [[human skin color|skin color]] and facial features. These categories may also carry some information on non-visible biological traits, such as the risk of developing particular diseases such as [[sickle-cell disease]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Risch, N., Burchard, E., Ziv, E. and Tang, H. | year = 2002 | month = | title = Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease | journal = Genome Biology | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = comment2007.2001 - comment2007.2012 | pmid=12184798 | url = http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/7/comment/2007 }}</ref>
  
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