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[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]][[Image:Identity_2.jpg|right|frame]]

[[Personality]] is superimposed upon [[energy]], and it is associated only with living energy systems, but '''identity''' can be associated with nonliving energy [[pattern]]s.[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Foreword#V._PERSONALITY_REALITIES]

[[Personality]] is superimposed upon [[energy]] and associated only with living energy systems, but '''identity''' can be associated with nonliving energy [[pattern]]s.[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Foreword#V._PERSONALITY_REALITIES]

'''Identity''' is a term used throughout the [[Social Sciences|social sciences]] to describe an individual's comprehension of him or herself as a discrete, separate entity. This term, though generic, can be further specified by the disciplines of [[psychology]] and [[sociology]], including the two forms of social psychology.

 

'''Identity''' is a term used throughout the [[Social Sciences|social sciences]] to describe an individual's comprehension of him or herself as a discrete entity.  

==Description==

==Description==

Sociology places some explanatory weight on the concept of role-behavior. The notion of ''identity negotiation'' may arise from the learning of social roles through personal [[experience]]. Identity negotiation is a process in which a person negotiates with society at large regarding the meaning of his or her identity.

Sociology places some explanatory weight on the concept of role-behavior. The notion of ''identity negotiation'' may arise from the learning of social roles through personal [[experience]]. Identity negotiation is a process in which a person negotiates with society at large regarding the meaning of his or her identity.

 

Psychologists most commonly use the term "identity" to describe ''personal identity'', or the idiosyncratic things that make a person unique. Meanwhile, sociologists often use the term to describe ''social identity'', or the collection of group memberships that define the individual. However, these uses are not proprietary, and each discipline may use either concept.

Psychologists most commonly use the term "identity" to describe ''personal identity'', or the idiosyncratic things that make a person unique. Meanwhile, sociologists often use the term to describe ''social identity'', or the collection of group memberships that define the individual. However, these uses are not proprietary, and each discipline may use either concept.

At a general level, self-psychology is compelled to investigate the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment. To the extent that these theories place themselves in the tradition of "psychological" social psychology, they focus on explaining an individual's actions within a group in terms of mental events and states. However, some "sociological" social psychology theories go further by attempting to deal with the issue of identity at both the levels of individual [[cognition]] and of collective behavior.

At a general level, self-psychology is compelled to investigate the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment. To the extent that these theories place themselves in the tradition of "psychological" social psychology, they focus on explaining an individual's actions within a group in terms of mental events and states. However, some "sociological" social psychology theories go further by attempting to deal with the issue of identity at both the levels of individual [[cognition]] and of collective behavior.

The question of what psychological reasons drive the individual's adoption of group identities remains open. Many people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of [[community]] and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination, i.e., why they tend to favor those they consider a part of their "in-group" over those considered to be outsiders. Both questions have been given extensive treatment by Henri Tajfel and John C. Turner's social identity theory. Their theory focuses mainly on the role of self-categorization and attempts to show how a simple sense of distinctiveness can lead people to act in a discriminating way. Moreover, social identity theory shows that merely crafting cognitive distinction between in- and out-groups can lead to subtle effects on people's evaluations of others. [http://www.tcw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20lusters/Interpersonal%20Communication%20and%20Relations/Social_Identity_Theory.doc/]]

The question of what psychological reasons drive the individual's adoption of group identities remains open. Many people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of [[community]] and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination, i.e., why they tend to favor those they consider a part of their "in-group" over those considered to be outsiders. Both questions have been given extensive treatment by Henri Tajfel and John C. Turner's social identity theory. Their theory focuses mainly on the role of self-categorization and attempts to show how a simple sense of distinctiveness can lead people to act in a discriminating way. Moreover, social identity theory shows that merely crafting cognitive distinction between in- and out-groups can lead to subtle effects on people's evaluations of others. [https://www.tcw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20lusters/Interpersonal%20Communication%20and%20Relations/Social_Identity_Theory.doc/]]

Another issue of interest in social psychology is related to the notion that there are certain ''identity formation strategies'' which a person may use to adapt to the social world. Cote and Levine developed a [[typology]] which investigated the different manners of [[behavior]] that individuals may have. (3) Their typology includes:

Another issue of interest in social psychology is related to the notion that there are certain ''identity formation strategies'' which a person may use to adapt to the social world. Cote and Levine developed a [[typology]] which investigated the different manners of [[behavior]] that individuals may have. (3) Their typology includes:

===General information===

===General information===

* [http://www.tcw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Interpersonal%20Communication%20and%20Relations/Social_Identity_Theory.doc/ Social Identity Theory: cognitive and motivational basis of intergroup differentiation.] Universiteit Twente (2004).

* [https://www.tcw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Interpersonal%20Communication%20and%20Relations/Social_Identity_Theory.doc/ Social Identity Theory: cognitive and motivational basis of intergroup differentiation.] Universiteit Twente (2004).

===Books and publications===

===Books and publications===

* Calhoun, C. (1994). "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in C. Calhoun (Ed.), ''Social Theory and Identity Politics.'' Oxford: Blackwell.

* Calhoun, C. (1994). "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in C. Calhoun (Ed.), ''Social Theory and Identity Politics.'' Oxford: Blackwell.

* Camilleri, C.; Kastersztein, J. & Lipiansky E.M. et al. (1990) ''Stratégies Identitaires.'' Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

* Camilleri, C.; Kastersztein, J. & Lipiansky E.M. et al. (1990) ''Stratégies Identitaires.'' Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

* Carey, H. C. (1877). [http://books.google.com/books?id=VJJ2n2paSjYC Principles of social science]. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co.

* Carey, H. C. (1877). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VJJ2n2paSjYC Principles of social science]. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co.

* Carey, H. C. & McLean, K. (1864). [http://books.google.com/books?id=oV1pZ8e_NQwC Manual of social science]; being a condensation of the "Principles of social science" of H.C. Carey, LL. D.. Philadelphia: H.C. Baird.

* Carey, H. C. & McLean, K. (1864). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oV1pZ8e_NQwC Manual of social science]; being a condensation of the "Principles of social science" of H.C. Carey, LL. D.. Philadelphia: H.C. Baird.

* Cohen, A. (1974). ''Two-Dimensional: an essay on the anthropology of power and symbolism in complex society.'' London: Routledge

* Cohen, A. (1974). ''Two-Dimensional: an essay on the anthropology of power and symbolism in complex society.'' London: Routledge

* Cohen, A. (1998). "Boundaries and Boundary-Consciousness: Politicising Cultural Identity," in M. Anderson and E. Bort (Eds.), ''The Frontiers of Europe.'' London: Printer Press.

* Cohen, A. (1998). "Boundaries and Boundary-Consciousness: Politicising Cultural Identity," in M. Anderson and E. Bort (Eds.), ''The Frontiers of Europe.'' London: Printer Press.

* Thompson, R.H. (1989). ''Theories of Ethnicity.'' New York: Greenwood Press.

* Thompson, R.H. (1989). ''Theories of Ethnicity.'' New York: Greenwood Press.

* Vermeulen, H. & Gowers, C. (Eds.) (1994). ''The Anthropology of Ethnicity: 'Beyond Ethnic Groups and Boundaries'.'' Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.

* Vermeulen, H. & Gowers, C. (Eds.) (1994). ''The Anthropology of Ethnicity: 'Beyond Ethnic Groups and Boundaries'.'' Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.

* Ward, L. F. (1897). [http://books.google.com/books?id=AkpAdwgDoPMC Dynamic sociology, or Applied social science]. New York: D. Appleton and company.

* Ward, L. F. (1897). [https://books.google.com/books?id=AkpAdwgDoPMC Dynamic sociology, or Applied social science]. New York: D. Appleton and company.

* Ward, L. F. (1968). [http://books.google.com/books?id=CakfZmXw9jsC Dynamic sociology. Series in American studies]. New York: Johnson Reprint Corp.

* Ward, L. F. (1968). [https://books.google.com/books?id=CakfZmXw9jsC Dynamic sociology. Series in American studies]. New York: Johnson Reprint Corp.

* Werbner, P. and T. Modood. (Eds.) (1997). ''Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism.'' London: Zed Books.

* Werbner, P. and T. Modood. (Eds.) (1997). ''Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism.'' London: Zed Books.

* Williams, J. M. (1920). [http://books.google.com/books?id=QeMqAAAAMAAJ The foundations of social science; an analysis of their psychological aspects]. New York: A.A. Knopf.

* Williams, J. M. (1920). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QeMqAAAAMAAJ The foundations of social science; an analysis of their psychological aspects]. New York: A.A. Knopf.

* Woodward, K. (2004). ''Questioning Identity: Gender, Class, Ethnicity.'' London: Routledge. ISBN 0415329671.

* Woodward, K. (2004). ''Questioning Identity: Gender, Class, Ethnicity.'' London: Routledge. ISBN 0415329671.