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An '''ideology''' is a set of beliefs, aims and [[idea]]s, especially in politics. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare [[Weltanschauung]]), as in common sense and several [[philosophical]] ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of this society.  The main purpose behind an ideology is to offer change in society through a normative thought process.  Ideologies are systems of abstract thought (as opposed to mere [[ideation]]) applied to public matters and thus make this concept central to politics. Implicitly every political tendency entails an ideology whether or not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought.

 

An '''ideology''' is a set of beliefs, aims and [[idea]]s, especially in politics. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare [[Weltanschauung]]), as in common sense and several [[philosophical]] ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of this society.  The main purpose behind an ideology is to offer change in society through a normative thought process.  Ideologies are systems of abstract thought (as opposed to mere [[idea]]tion) applied to public matters and thus make this concept central to politics. Implicitly every political tendency entails an ideology whether or not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought.

 

 

 

 

== Ideology and Semiotic Theory ==

== Ideology and Semiotic Theory ==

According to Bob Hodge's article in the Semiotic Encyclopedia Online [http://www.semioticon.com/seo/contents.html], Ideology "identifies a unitary object that incorporates complex sets of meanings with the social agents and processes that produced them. No other term captures this object as well as ‘ideology’. Foucault’s ‘episteme’ is too narrow and abstract, not social enough. His [[discourse]], popular because it covers some of ‘ideology’s’ terrain with less baggage,  is too confined to verbal systems. [[Worldview]] is too metaphysical, ‘propaganda’ too loaded. Despite or because of its contradictions, ‘ideology’ still plays a key role in semiotics oriented to social, political life" [http://www.semioticon.com/seo/I/ideology.html#].

According to Bob Hodge's article in the Semiotic Encyclopedia Online [https://www.semioticon.com/seo/contents.html], Ideology "identifies a unitary object that incorporates complex sets of meanings with the social agents and processes that produced them. No other term captures this object as well as ‘ideology’. Foucault’s ‘episteme’ is too narrow and abstract, not social enough. His [[discourse]], popular because it covers some of ‘ideology’s’ terrain with less baggage,  is too confined to verbal systems. Worldview is too metaphysical, ‘propaganda’ too loaded. Despite or because of its contradictions, ‘ideology’ still plays a key role in semiotics oriented to social, political life" [https://www.semioticon.com/seo/I/ideology.html#].

 

== Ideology in Cognitive Science, Linguistics, Philosophy, Post-Modernism and Critical Theory ==

== Ideology in Cognitive Science, Linguistics, Philosophy, Post-Modernism and Critical Theory ==

== History of the concept of ideology ==

== History of the concept of ideology ==

The term was born in the highly controversial philosophical and political debates and fights of the [[French Revolution]] and acquired several other meanings from the early days of the First French Empire to nowadays. The word ''ideology'' was coined by [[Destutt de Tracy]] in 1796¹ [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2709242][http://www.econlib.org/library/Tracy/DestuttdeTracyBio.html] assembling the parts ''idea'' and ''[[-logy]]''. He used it to refer to one aspect of his "science of ideas". He separated three aspects, namely: ideology, general grammar and logic, considering respectively the subject, the means and the reason of this science.³ He argues that among these aspects ideology is the most generic term, because the science of ideas also contains the study of their expression and deduction.

The term was born in the highly controversial philosophical and political debates and fights of the [[French Revolution]] and acquired several other meanings from the early days of the First French Empire to nowadays. The word ''ideology'' was coined by [[Destutt de Tracy]] in 1796¹ [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2709242][https://www.econlib.org/library/Tracy/DestuttdeTracyBio.html] assembling the parts ''idea'' and ''[[-logy]]''. He used it to refer to one aspect of his "science of ideas". He separated three aspects, namely: ideology, general grammar and logic, considering respectively the subject, the means and the reason of this science.³ He argues that among these aspects ideology is the most generic term, because the science of ideas also contains the study of their expression and deduction.

According to Karl Mannheim's historical reconstruction of the meaning-shifts of ideology, the modern meaning of the word ideology was born when [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] (as a politician) used it in an abusive way against "the ideologues" (a group which included [[Pierre Jean George Cabanis|Cabanis]], [[Marquis de Condorcet|Condorcet]], [[Benjamin Constant|Constant]], [[Pierre Claude François Daunou|Daunou]], [[Jean-Baptiste Say|Say]], [[Anne Louise Germaine de Staël|Madame de Staël]] and [[Destutt de Tracy|Tracy]]), to express the pettiness of his (liberal republican) political opponents.

According to Karl Mannheim's historical reconstruction of the meaning-shifts of ideology, the modern meaning of the word ideology was born when [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] (as a politician) used it in an abusive way against "the ideologues" (a group which included [[Pierre Jean George Cabanis|Cabanis]], [[Marquis de Condorcet|Condorcet]], [[Benjamin Constant|Constant]], [[Pierre Claude François Daunou|Daunou]], [[Jean-Baptiste Say|Say]], [[Anne Louise Germaine de Staël|Madame de Staël]] and [[Destutt de Tracy|Tracy]]), to express the pettiness of his (liberal republican) political opponents.

Mullins emphasizes that an ideology should be contrasted with the related (but different) issues of ''utopia'' and ''historical myth''.

Mullins emphasizes that an ideology should be contrasted with the related (but different) issues of ''utopia'' and ''historical myth''.

The German philosopher [http://www.ideologieforschung.de/en Christian Duncker] called for a "critical reflection of the ideology concept" (2006). In his work, he strove to bring the concept of ideology into the foreground, as well as the closely connected concerns of [[epistemology]] and history. In this work, the term ideology is defined in terms of a system of presentations that explicitly or implicitly claim to absolute truth.

The German philosopher [https://www.ideologieforschung.de/en Christian Duncker] called for a "critical reflection of the ideology concept" (2006). In his work, he strove to bring the concept of ideology into the foreground, as well as the closely connected concerns of [[epistemology]] and history. In this work, the term ideology is defined in terms of a system of presentations that explicitly or implicitly claim to absolute truth.

Though the word "ideology" is most often found in political discourse, there are many different kinds of ideology: [[political]], [[social]], [[epistemology|epistemological]], [[ethics|ethical]], and so on.

Though the word "ideology" is most often found in political discourse, there are many different kinds of ideology: [[political]], [[social]], [[epistemology|epistemological]], [[ethics|ethical]], and so on.

== References ==

== References ==

#Kennedy, Emmet (1979) "Ideology" from Destutt De Tracy to Marx, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Jul.–Sep., 1979), pp. 353-368 (article consists of 16 pages) http://www.jstor.org/pss/2709242

#Kennedy, Emmet (1979) "Ideology" from Destutt De Tracy to Marx, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Jul.–Sep., 1979), pp. 353-368 (article consists of 16 pages) https://www.jstor.org/pss/2709242

#Hart, David M. (2002) Destutt de Tracy: Annotated Bibliography http://www.econlib.org/library/Tracy/DestuttdeTracyBio.html

#Hart, David M. (2002) Destutt de Tracy: Annotated Bibliography https://www.econlib.org/library/Tracy/DestuttdeTracyBio.html

#de Tracy, Destutt (1801) Les Éléments d'idéologie, 3rd ed. (1817), p. 4, cited by: Mannheim, Karl (1929) Ideologie und Utopie, 2nd footnote in the chapter The problem of "false consciousness"

#de Tracy, Destutt (1801) Les Éléments d'idéologie, 3rd ed. (1817), p. 4, cited by: Mannheim, Karl (1929) Ideologie und Utopie, 2nd footnote in the chapter The problem of "false consciousness"

#Clark, B. (1998). Political economy: A comparative approach. Westport, CT: Preager.

#Clark, B. (1998). Political economy: A comparative approach. Westport, CT: Preager.

* Minar, David M. (1961) "Ideology and Political Behavior", ''Midwest Journal of Political Science''. Midwest Political Science Association.

* Minar, David M. (1961) "Ideology and Political Behavior", ''Midwest Journal of Political Science''. Midwest Political Science Association.

* Pinker, Steven. (2002) "The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature." New York: Penguin Group, Inc. ISBN 0-670-03151-8

* Pinker, Steven. (2002) "The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature." New York: Penguin Group, Inc. ISBN 0-670-03151-8

* [http://www.philosophieportal.net/Ideologiekritik.htm Christian Duncker]: ''Kritische Reflexionen des Ideologiebegriffes'', 2006, ISBN 1-903343-88-7

* [https://www.philosophieportal.net/Ideologiekritik.htm Christian Duncker]: ''Kritische Reflexionen des Ideologiebegriffes'', 2006, ISBN 1-903343-88-7

* Christian Duncker (Hg.): ''Ideologiekritik Aktuell – Ideologies Today. Bd. 1. London 2008,[http://www.turnshare.com/wissenschaft/duncker_9781847900159.html]. ISBN 978-1-84790-015-9

* Christian Duncker (Hg.): ''Ideologiekritik Aktuell – Ideologies Today. Bd. 1. London 2008,[https://www.turnshare.com/wissenschaft/duncker_9781847900159.html]. ISBN 978-1-84790-015-9

== Further reading ==

== Further reading ==

* Marx, Karl ([1845-46] 1932) ''The German Ideology'' [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/index.htm]

* Marx, Karl ([1845-46] 1932) ''The German Ideology'' [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/index.htm]

* Lukács, Georg (1919-23) ''History and Class Consciousness'' [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/index.htm]

* Lukács, Georg (1919-23) ''History and Class Consciousness'' [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/index.htm]

* Mannheim, Karl (1936) ''Ideology and Utopia'' Routledge

* Mannheim, Karl (1936) ''Ideology and Utopia'' Routledge

* Minogue, Kenneth (1985) ''Alien Powers: The Pure Theory of Ideology'', Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-01860-6

* Minogue, Kenneth (1985) ''Alien Powers: The Pure Theory of Ideology'', Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-01860-6

* Hawkes, David (2003) ''Ideology'' (2nd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-29012-0

* Hawkes, David (2003) ''Ideology'' (2nd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-29012-0

* Althusser, Louis (1971) 'Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses' ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays'' Monthly Review Press ISBN 1583670394

* Althusser, Louis (1971) 'Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses' ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays'' Monthly Review Press ISBN 1583670394

* Zizek, Slavoj (1989) ''The Sublime Object of Ideology'' Verso ISBN 0-86091-97-14

* Zizek, Slavoj (1989) ''The Sublime Object of Ideology'' Verso ISBN 0-86091-97-14 [https://www.amazon.com/Sublime-Object-Ideology-Phronesis/dp/0860919714]

[http://www.amazon.com/Sublime-Object-Ideology-Phronesis/dp/0860919714]

== See also==

== See also==

*[[Hegemony]]

*[[Hegemony]]

*[[Posthegemony]]

*[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_100#100:5._CONVERSION_AND_MYSTICISM -ism]

*[[-ism]]

*[[Noble lie]]

== External links ==

== External links ==

* [http://www.autodidactproject.org/guidideo.html Ideology Study Guide]

* [https://www.autodidactproject.org/guidideo.html Ideology Study Guide]

* [http://www.ideologieforschung.de/en/ Ideology Research]

* [https://www.ideologieforschung.de/en/ Ideology Research]

* [http://www.marx2mao.com/Other/LPOE70ii.html#s5 Louis Althusser's "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses"]

* [https://www.marx2mao.com/Other/LPOE70ii.html#s5 Louis Althusser's "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses"]

[[Category: Political Science]]

[[Category: Political Science]]

[[Category: Philosophy]]

[[Category: Philosophy]]