Changes

Integrity may be seen as the quality of having a sense of honesty and [[truth]]fulness in regard to the motivations for one's actions. The term ''hypocrisy'' is often used in contrast to ''integrity'' to assert that one part of a value system is demonstrably at odds with another, and to demand that the parties holding apparently conflicting values account for the discrepancy or change their [[belief]]s to improve internal consistency.

Integrity may be seen as the quality of having a sense of honesty and [[truth]]fulness in regard to the motivations for one's actions. The term ''hypocrisy'' is often used in contrast to ''integrity'' to assert that one part of a value system is demonstrably at odds with another, and to demand that the parties holding apparently conflicting values account for the discrepancy or change their [[belief]]s to improve internal consistency.

== Testing of integrity ==

== Testing of integrity ==

One can test a value system's accountability either:

One can test a value system's accountability either:

An adversarial process can have general integrity when both sides demonstrate willingness to share [[evidence]], follow guidelines of debate and accept rulings from an [[arbitrator]] in a [[Goodness|good]]-[[faith]] effort to arrive at either the truth or a mutually equitable outcome. An honorable presentation of the case measures both sides of the argument with a consistent set of principles. Failure to present principles in accordance with observation or to try them unequally can weaken a case.

An adversarial process can have general integrity when both sides demonstrate willingness to share [[evidence]], follow guidelines of debate and accept rulings from an [[arbitrator]] in a [[Goodness|good]]-[[faith]] effort to arrive at either the truth or a mutually equitable outcome. An honorable presentation of the case measures both sides of the argument with a consistent set of principles. Failure to present principles in accordance with observation or to try them unequally can weaken a case.

Integrity (honesty) tests aim to identify which persons may hide perceived negative or derogatory events from their past (such as doing prison time, getting psychiatric treatment, alcohol problems, etc.) and to identify to a prospective employer likely causes of strife. These tests make certain assumptions, namely [http://www.bol.com/nl/p/boeken/alles-over-psychologische-tests/1001004001667648/index.html] that such persons report more dishonest behavior, they try to find reasons in order to justify such behavior, they think others more likely to commit crimes (like theft, for example), they exhibit [[impulsive]] behavior and tend to think that society should severely punish deviant behavior.

Integrity (honesty) tests aim to identify which persons may hide perceived negative or derogatory events from their past (such as doing prison time, getting psychiatric treatment, alcohol problems, etc.) and to identify to a prospective employer likely causes of strife. These tests make certain assumptions, namely [https://www.bol.com/nl/p/boeken/alles-over-psychologische-tests/1001004001667648/index.html] that such persons report more dishonest behavior, they try to find reasons in order to justify such behavior, they think others more likely to commit crimes (like theft, for example), they exhibit [[impulsive]] behavior and tend to think that society should severely punish deviant behavior.

The pretension of such tests to detect fake answers plays a crucial role in this respect, because the naive really believe such outright lies and behave accordingly, reporting their past deviance because they fear that otherwise their answers will reveal it. The more Pollyannaish the answers, the higher the integrity score.

The pretension of such tests to detect fake answers plays a crucial role in this respect, because the naive really believe such outright lies and behave accordingly, reporting their past deviance because they fear that otherwise their answers will reveal it. The more Pollyannaish the answers, the higher the integrity score.

Another use of the term "integrity" defines it as a model of [[workability]].

Another use of the term "integrity" defines it as a model of [[workability]].

See abstract of [[Harvard Business School]] NOM Research Paper NO. 06-11 and [[Barbados Group]] Working Paper NO. 06-03 at:

See abstract of [[Harvard Business School]] NOM Research Paper NO. 06-11 and [[Barbados Group]] Working Paper NO. 06-03 at:

[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=920625]

[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=920625]

:"Integrity exists in a positive realm devoid of normative content. Integrity is thus not about good or bad, or right or wrong, or what should or should not be. [...] We assert that integrity (the condition of being whole and complete) is a necessary condition for workability, and that the resultant level of workability determines the available opportunity for performance.  

:"Integrity exists in a positive realm devoid of normative content. Integrity is thus not about good or bad, or right or wrong, or what should or should not be. [...] We assert that integrity (the condition of being whole and complete) is a necessary condition for workability, and that the resultant level of workability determines the available opportunity for performance.  

== External links ==

== External links ==

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/integrity/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry]

* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/integrity/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry]

== Footnotes ==

== Footnotes ==

# Carter, Stephen L (1996). Integrity. New York: BasicBooks/HarperCollins. pp. 7, 10. ISBN 0-06-092807-7.  On page 242 Carter credits influence "to some extent by the fine discussion of integrity in Martin Benjamin's book Splitting the Difference: Compromise and Integrity in Ethics and Politics (Lawrence University Press of Kansas, 1990).

# Carter, Stephen L (1996). Integrity. New York: BasicBooks/HarperCollins. pp. 7, 10. ISBN 0-06-092807-7.  On page 242 Carter credits influence "to some extent by the fine discussion of integrity in Martin Benjamin's book Splitting the Difference: Compromise and Integrity in Ethics and Politics (Lawrence University Press of Kansas, 1990).

# van Minden, Jack J.R. (2005) (in Dutch). Alles over psychologische tests. Business Contact. pp. 207. ISBN 978-90-254-0415-4. http://www.bol.com/nl/p/boeken/alles-over-psychologische-tests/1001004001667648/index.html.  

# van Minden, Jack J.R. (2005) (in Dutch). Alles over psychologische tests. Business Contact. pp. 207. ISBN 978-90-254-0415-4. https://www.bol.com/nl/p/boeken/alles-over-psychologische-tests/1001004001667648/index.html.  

# Compare van Minden (2005)

# Compare van Minden (2005)

# See abstract of Harvard Business School NOM Research Paper NO. 06-11 and Barbados Group Working Paper NO. 06-03 at: Erhard, Werner; Michael C. Jensen; Steve Zaffron (2007). "Integrity: A Positive Model that Incorporates the Normative Phenomena of Morality, Ethics and Legality". Social Science Research Network. Retrieved on 2008-12-03. "Integrity exists in a positive realm devoid of normative content. Integrity is thus not about good or bad, or right or wrong, or what should or should not be. [...] We assert that integrity (the condition of being whole and complete) is a necessary condition for workability, and that the resultant level of workability determines the available opportunity for performance."

# See abstract of Harvard Business School NOM Research Paper NO. 06-11 and Barbados Group Working Paper NO. 06-03 at: Erhard, Werner; Michael C. Jensen; Steve Zaffron (2007). "Integrity: A Positive Model that Incorporates the Normative Phenomena of Morality, Ethics and Legality". Social Science Research Network. Retrieved on 2008-12-03. "Integrity exists in a positive realm devoid of normative content. Integrity is thus not about good or bad, or right or wrong, or what should or should not be. [...] We assert that integrity (the condition of being whole and complete) is a necessary condition for workability, and that the resultant level of workability determines the available opportunity for performance."