Changes

Integrity may be seen as the quality of having a sense of honesty and [[truth]]fulness in regard to the motivations for one's actions. The term ''hypocrisy'' is often used in contrast to ''integrity'' to assert that one part of a value system is demonstrably at odds with another, and to demand that the parties holding apparently conflicting values account for the discrepancy or change their [[belief]]s to improve internal consistency.

Integrity may be seen as the quality of having a sense of honesty and [[truth]]fulness in regard to the motivations for one's actions. The term ''hypocrisy'' is often used in contrast to ''integrity'' to assert that one part of a value system is demonstrably at odds with another, and to demand that the parties holding apparently conflicting values account for the discrepancy or change their [[belief]]s to improve internal consistency.

 

== Testing of integrity ==

== Testing of integrity ==

One can test a value system's accountability either:

One can test a value system's accountability either:

# subjectively, by a person's individual measures or  

# subjectively, by a person's individual measures or  

# objectively, via the [[scientific method]] or via a standardized mathematical measure

# objectively, via the [[scientific method]] or via a standardized mathematical measure

A [[value]] in [[mathematics]] consists of an assumption from which one can extrapolate implementation or other values. A ''value system'' comprises a set of consistent values and measures. A system with perfect integrity yields a singular extrapolation which one can test via the [[scientific method]].

A [[value]] in [[mathematics]] consists of an assumption from which one can extrapolate implementation or other values. A ''value system'' comprises a set of consistent values and measures. A system with perfect integrity yields a singular extrapolation which one can test via the [[scientific method]].

Scientific integrity relies on a set of testing principles known as the [[scientific method]]. To the extent that a proof follows the requirements of the method, scholars consider that proof scientific. The scientific method includes measures to ensure unbiased testing and a requirement that the [[hypothesis]] have falsifiability.

Scientific integrity relies on a set of testing principles known as the [[scientific method]]. To the extent that a proof follows the requirements of the method, scholars consider that proof scientific. The scientific method includes measures to ensure unbiased testing and a requirement that the [[hypothesis]] have falsifiability.

For example, Newtonian [[physics]], [[general relativity]] and [[quantum mechanics]] are three distinct value systems fundamentally at odds with each other that all been scientifically proven to have integrity according to their base assumptions and measures. None of them are considered to be [[absolute]] truth. Scientific testing cannot be used to identify absolute truth because every scientific test assumes base principles, values, methods and measures which are not proofed as part of the test. Rather, the Scientific Method is used to proof the integrity of a value system and establish its conclusions as being consistent with the assumptions used, thereby enabling further extrapolation within that domain.

For example, Newtonian [[physics]], [[general relativity]] and [[quantum mechanics]] are three distinct value systems fundamentally at odds with each other that all been scientifically proven to have integrity according to their base assumptions and measures. None of them are considered to be [[absolute]] truth. Scientific testing cannot be used to identify absolute truth because every scientific test assumes base principles, values, methods and measures which are not proofed as part of the test. Rather, the Scientific Method is used to proof the integrity of a value system and establish its conclusions as being consistent with the assumptions used, thereby enabling further extrapolation within that domain.

== Integrity in ethics ==

== Integrity in ethics ==

In discussions on [[behavior]] and [[morality]], one view of the property of integrity sees it as the [[Goodness|virtue]] of basing actions on an internally-consistent framework of principles. This scenario may emphasize depth of principles and adherence of each level to the next.  One can describe a person as having integrity to the extent that everything that that person does or believes: actions, methods, measures and principles — all derive from the same core group of [[Value|values]] and form a stable [[value system]].

In discussions on [[behavior]] and [[morality]], one view of the property of integrity sees it as the [[Goodness|virtue]] of basing actions on an internally-consistent framework of principles. This scenario may emphasize depth of principles and adherence of each level to the next.  One can describe a person as having integrity to the extent that everything that that person does or believes: actions, methods, measures and principles — all derive from the same core group of [[Value|values]] and form a stable [[value system]].

Hypocrisy — the opposite of integrity — results when one part of a value system becomes demonstrably at odds with another and the person or group of people holding those values fails to account for the discrepancy.   

Hypocrisy — the opposite of integrity — results when one part of a value system becomes demonstrably at odds with another and the person or group of people holding those values fails to account for the discrepancy.   

Many people appear to use the word "integrity" in a vague manner as an alternative to the perceived political incorrectness of using blatantly moralistic terms such as "good" or [[ethics|ethical]]. In this sense the term often refers to a refusal to engage in lying, blaming or other [[behavior]] generally seeming to evade accountability.

Many people appear to use the word "integrity" in a vague manner as an alternative to the perceived political incorrectness of using blatantly moralistic terms such as "good" or [[ethics|ethical]]. In this sense the term often refers to a refusal to engage in lying, blaming or other [[behavior]] generally seeming to evade accountability.

[[English language|English]]-speakers may measure integrity in non-enumerated units called "scraps", speaking of preserving one's "last scraps of integrity" or having "not a scrap of integrity". This may imply that integrity in such situations can appear brittle or fragile — and apt to tarnish or decay.

[[English language|English]]-speakers may measure integrity in non-enumerated units called "scraps", speaking of preserving one's "last scraps of integrity" or having "not a scrap of integrity". This may imply that integrity in such situations can appear brittle or fragile — and apt to tarnish or decay.

There exists, however a more formal study of the term "integrity" and its meaning in modern ethics. Commentators see integrity not only as a refusal to engage in [[behavior]] that evades [[responsibility]], but as an understanding of different modes or styles in which some [[discourse]] takes place, and which aims at the discovery of [[truth]].

There exists, however a more formal study of the term "integrity" and its meaning in modern ethics. Commentators see integrity not only as a refusal to engage in [[behavior]] that evades [[responsibility]], but as an understanding of different modes or styles in which some [[discourse]] takes place, and which aims at the discovery of [[truth]].

</blockquote>

</blockquote>

 

== Law ==

=== Law ===

 

An adversarial process can have general integrity when both sides demonstrate willingness to share [[evidence]], follow guidelines of debate and accept rulings from an [[arbitrator]] in a [[Goodness|good]]-[[faith]] effort to arrive at either the truth or a mutually equitable outcome. An honorable presentation of the case measures both sides of the argument with a consistent set of principles. Failure to present principles in accordance with observation or to try them unequally can weaken a case.

An adversarial process can have general integrity when both sides demonstrate willingness to share [[evidence]], follow guidelines of debate and accept rulings from an [[arbitrator]] in a [[Goodness|good]]-[[faith]] effort to arrive at either the truth or a mutually equitable outcome. An honorable presentation of the case measures both sides of the argument with a consistent set of principles. Failure to present principles in accordance with observation or to try them unequally can weaken a case.

Integrity (honesty) tests aim to identify which persons may hide perceived negative or derogatory events from their past (such as doing prison time, getting psychiatric treatment, alcohol problems, etc.) and to identify to a prospective employer likely causes of strife. These tests make certain assumptions, namely [https://www.bol.com/nl/p/boeken/alles-over-psychologische-tests/1001004001667648/index.html] that such persons report more dishonest behavior, they try to find reasons in order to justify such behavior, they think others more likely to commit crimes (like theft, for example), they exhibit [[impulsive]] behavior and tend to think that society should severely punish deviant behavior.

 

Integrity (honesty) tests aim to identify which persons may hide perceived negative or derogatory events from their past (such as doing prison time, getting psychiatric treatment, alcohol problems, etc.) and to identify to a prospective employer likely causes of strife. These tests make certain assumptions, namely [http://www.bol.com/nl/p/boeken/alles-over-psychologische-tests/1001004001667648/index.html] that such persons report more dishonest behavior, they try to find reasons in order to justify such behavior, they think others more likely to commit crimes (like theft, for example), they exhibit [[impulsive]] behavior and tend to think that society should severely punish deviant behavior.

The pretension of such tests to detect fake answers plays a crucial role in this respect, because the naive really believe such outright lies and behave accordingly, reporting their past deviance because they fear that otherwise their answers will reveal it. The more Pollyannaish the answers, the higher the integrity score.

The pretension of such tests to detect fake answers plays a crucial role in this respect, because the naive really believe such outright lies and behave accordingly, reporting their past deviance because they fear that otherwise their answers will reveal it. The more Pollyannaish the answers, the higher the integrity score.

“Integrity can be compared to a great smoothie. It consists of many healthy and tasteful virtues such as discernment, loyalty, courage, honesty, and humility all mixed together to form one outstanding quality. Not only is it rewarding in the end, but the act of striving for it is well worth the effort.”

“Integrity can be compared to a great smoothie. It consists of many healthy and tasteful virtues such as discernment, loyalty, courage, honesty, and humility all mixed together to form one outstanding quality. Not only is it rewarding in the end, but the act of striving for it is well worth the effort.”

-Unknown Author

-Unknown Author

== Other integrities ==

== Other integrities ==

Another use of the term "integrity" defines it as a model of [[workability]].

Another use of the term "integrity" defines it as a model of [[workability]].

See abstract of [[Harvard Business School]] NOM Research Paper NO. 06-11 and [[Barbados Group]] Working Paper NO. 06-03 at:

See abstract of [[Harvard Business School]] NOM Research Paper NO. 06-11 and [[Barbados Group]] Working Paper NO. 06-03 at:

[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=920625]

[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=920625]

:"Integrity exists in a positive realm devoid of normative content. Integrity is thus not about good or bad, or right or wrong, or what should or should not be. [...] We assert that integrity (the condition of being whole and complete) is a necessary condition for workability, and that the resultant level of workability determines the available opportunity for performance.  

:"Integrity exists in a positive realm devoid of normative content. Integrity is thus not about good or bad, or right or wrong, or what should or should not be. [...] We assert that integrity (the condition of being whole and complete) is a necessary condition for workability, and that the resultant level of workability determines the available opportunity for performance.  

== External links ==

== External links ==

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/integrity/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry]

* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/integrity/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry]

 

== Footnotes ==

== Footnotes ==

# Carter, Stephen L (1996). Integrity. New York: BasicBooks/HarperCollins. pp. 7, 10. ISBN 0-06-092807-7.  On page 242 Carter credits influence "to some extent by the fine discussion of integrity in Martin Benjamin's book Splitting the Difference: Compromise and Integrity in Ethics and Politics (Lawrence University Press of Kansas, 1990).

# Carter, Stephen L (1996). Integrity. New York: BasicBooks/HarperCollins. pp. 7, 10. ISBN 0-06-092807-7.  On page 242 Carter credits influence "to some extent by the fine discussion of integrity in Martin Benjamin's book Splitting the Difference: Compromise and Integrity in Ethics and Politics (Lawrence University Press of Kansas, 1990).

# van Minden, Jack J.R. (2005) (in Dutch). Alles over psychologische tests. Business Contact. pp. 207. ISBN 978-90-254-0415-4. http://www.bol.com/nl/p/boeken/alles-over-psychologische-tests/1001004001667648/index.html.  

# van Minden, Jack J.R. (2005) (in Dutch). Alles over psychologische tests. Business Contact. pp. 207. ISBN 978-90-254-0415-4. https://www.bol.com/nl/p/boeken/alles-over-psychologische-tests/1001004001667648/index.html.  

# Compare van Minden (2005)

# Compare van Minden (2005)

# See abstract of Harvard Business School NOM Research Paper NO. 06-11 and Barbados Group Working Paper NO. 06-03 at: Erhard, Werner; Michael C. Jensen; Steve Zaffron (2007). "Integrity: A Positive Model that Incorporates the Normative Phenomena of Morality, Ethics and Legality". Social Science Research Network. Retrieved on 2008-12-03. "Integrity exists in a positive realm devoid of normative content. Integrity is thus not about good or bad, or right or wrong, or what should or should not be. [...] We assert that integrity (the condition of being whole and complete) is a necessary condition for workability, and that the resultant level of workability determines the available opportunity for performance."

# See abstract of Harvard Business School NOM Research Paper NO. 06-11 and Barbados Group Working Paper NO. 06-03 at: Erhard, Werner; Michael C. Jensen; Steve Zaffron (2007). "Integrity: A Positive Model that Incorporates the Normative Phenomena of Morality, Ethics and Legality". Social Science Research Network. Retrieved on 2008-12-03. "Integrity exists in a positive realm devoid of normative content. Integrity is thus not about good or bad, or right or wrong, or what should or should not be. [...] We assert that integrity (the condition of being whole and complete) is a necessary condition for workability, and that the resultant level of workability determines the available opportunity for performance."