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An '''intellectual''' is one who uses his or her [[intellect]] to work, study, reflect, speculate on, or ask and answer questions with regard to a variety of different [[idea]]s.

An '''intellectual''' is one who uses his or her [[intellect]] to work, study, reflect, speculate on, or ask and answer questions with regard to a variety of different [[idea]]s.

In ancient [[China]] ''literati'' referred to the government officials who formed the ruling class in China for over two thousand years. These '''[[scholar-bureaucrats]]''' were a [[status group]] of educated [[laymen]], not ordained [[priest]]s. They were not a [[hereditary]] group as their position depended on their knowledge of writing and literature. After 200 B.C. the system of selection of candidates was influenced by [[Confucianism]] and established its ethic among the literati. The [[Hundred Flowers Campaign]] in China was largely based on the government's wish for a mobilization of intellectuals; with very sour consequences later.

In ancient [[China]] ''literati'' referred to the government officials who formed the ruling class in China for over two thousand years. These '''[[scholar-bureaucrats]]''' were a [[status group]] of educated [[laymen]], not ordained [[priest]]s. They were not a [[hereditary]] group as their position depended on their knowledge of writing and literature. After 200 B.C. the system of selection of candidates was influenced by [[Confucianism]] and established its ethic among the literati. The [[Hundred Flowers Campaign]] in China was largely based on the government's wish for a mobilization of intellectuals; with very sour consequences later.

== References ==  

== References ==  

* Jennings, Jeremy and Kemp-Welch, Anthony, eds. (1997), ''Intellectuals in Politics: From the Dreyfus Affair to Salman Rushdie''.

* Jennings, Jeremy and Kemp-Welch, Anthony, eds. (1997), ''Intellectuals in Politics: From the Dreyfus Affair to Salman Rushdie''.

*[[Paul Johnson (writer)|Johnson, Paul]], ''Intellectuals''. Perennial, 1990, ISBN 0-06-091657-5. A highly ideological onslaught discussing [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]], [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Henrik Ibsen|Ibsen]], [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]], [[Ernest Hemingway|Hemingway]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Bertolt Brecht|Brecht]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], [[Edmund Wilson]], [[Victor Gollancz]], [[Lillian Hellman]], [[Cyril Connolly]], [[Norman Mailer]], [[James Baldwin (writer)|James Baldwin]], [[Kenneth Tynan]], [[Noam Chomsky]], and others

*[[Paul Johnson (writer)|Johnson, Paul]], ''Intellectuals''. Perennial, 1990, ISBN 0-06-091657-5. A highly ideological onslaught discussing [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]], [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Henrik Ibsen|Ibsen]], [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]], [[Ernest Hemingway|Hemingway]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Bertolt Brecht|Brecht]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], [[Edmund Wilson]], [[Victor Gollancz]], [[Lillian Hellman]], [[Cyril Connolly]], [[Norman Mailer]], [[James Baldwin (writer)|James Baldwin]], [[Kenneth Tynan]], [[Noam Chomsky]], and others

* Piereson, James, 2006 [http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_the_new_criterion-the_rise_and_fall.htm ''The rise & fall of the intellectual'']  The New Criterion, September 2006   

* Piereson, James, 2006 [https://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_the_new_criterion-the_rise_and_fall.htm ''The rise & fall of the intellectual'']  The New Criterion, September 2006   

* [[Richard A. Posner|Posner, Richard A.]], 2002,  ''Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline'', Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-00633-X.

* [[Richard A. Posner|Posner, Richard A.]], 2002,  ''Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline'', Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-00633-X.

== Further reading ==

== Further reading ==

*Kidder, David S., Oppenheim, Noah D., "[[The Intellectual Devotional|The Intellectual Devotional: Revive Your Mind, Complete Your Education, and Roam Confidently with the Cultured Class"]], 2006. ISBN 1-59486-513-2

*Kidder, David S., Oppenheim, Noah D., "[[The Intellectual Devotional|The Intellectual Devotional: Revive Your Mind, Complete Your Education, and Roam Confidently with the Cultured Class"]], 2006. ISBN 1-59486-513-2

*The vanishing man of letters: Part One, Contemporary Review [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-107897411.html]

*The vanishing man of letters: Part One, Contemporary Review [https://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-107897411.html]

*The vanishing man of letters: Part Two Contemporary Review [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-110266770.html]

*The vanishing man of letters: Part Two Contemporary Review [https://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-110266770.html]

==External links==

==External links==

* [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/12172 A Special Supplement: The Responsibility of Intellectuals]  By [http://www.chomsky.info/ Noam Chomsky], February 23, 1967

* [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/12172 A Special Supplement: The Responsibility of Intellectuals]  By [https://www.chomsky.info/ Noam Chomsky], February 23, 1967

* Posner's table of 600+ public intellectuals classified by such variables as sex, professional and disciplinary affiliation, political leaning, media affiliation, Web hits, and scholarly citations.[http://home.uchicago.edu/~rposner/TABLE%20II.pdf]

* Posner's table of 600+ public intellectuals classified by such variables as sex, professional and disciplinary affiliation, political leaning, media affiliation, Web hits, and scholarly citations.[https://home.uchicago.edu/~rposner/TABLE%20II.pdf]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]