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'''Intelligence ''' is a property of [[mind]] that encompasses many related abilities, such as the capacities to [[rationality|reason]], plan, solve problems, [[thinking|think]] abstractly, comprehend ideas and [[language]], and [[Learning|learn]]. There are several ways to define intelligence. In some cases intelligence may include traits such as [[creativity]], [[personality]], [[character]], [[knowledge]], or [[wisdom]]. However other psychologists prefer not to include these traits in the definition of intelligence.

== Definitions ==  

== Definitions ==  

== Multiple intelligences ==

== Multiple intelligences ==

Dissatisfaction with traditional IQ tests has led to the development of a number of alternative theories, all of which suggest that intelligence is the result of a number of independent abilities that uniquely contribute to human performance. Most of these theories are relatively recent in origin, though it should be noted that [[Louis Thurstone]] proposed a theory of multiple "primary abilities" in the early 20th Century.

Dissatisfaction with traditional IQ tests has led to the development of a number of alternative theories, all of which suggest that intelligence is the result of a number of independent abilities that uniquely contribute to human performance. Most of these theories are relatively recent in origin, though it should be noted that [[Louis Thurstone]] proposed a theory of multiple "primary abilities" in the early 20th Century.

== Other species ==

== Other species ==

Although humans have been the primary focus of intelligence researchers, scientists have also attempted to investigate animal intelligence, or more broadly, animal cognition. These researchers are interested in studying both mental ability in a particular species, and comparing abilities between species. They study various measures of problem solving, as well as mathematical and language abilities. Some challenges in this area are defining intelligence so that it means the same thing across species, and then [[operational definition|operationalizing]] a measure that accurately compares mental ability across different species and contexts.

Although humans have been the primary focus of intelligence researchers, scientists have also attempted to investigate animal intelligence, or more broadly, animal cognition. These researchers are interested in studying both mental ability in a particular species, and comparing abilities between species. They study various measures of problem solving, as well as mathematical and language abilities. Some challenges in this area are defining intelligence so that it means the same thing across species, and then [[operational definition|operationalizing]] a measure that accurately compares mental ability across different species and contexts.

[[Wolfgang Köhler|Wolfgang Köhler's]] pioneering research on the intelligence of apes is a classic example of research in this area. Stanley Coren's book, ''[[The Intelligence of Dogs]]'' is a notable popular book on the topic.

[[Wolfgang Köhler|Wolfgang Köhler's]] pioneering research on the intelligence of apes is a classic example of research in this area. Stanley Coren's book, ''[[The Intelligence of Dogs]]'' is a notable popular book on the topic.

 

==See also==

 

*'''''[[Intelligence Officer]]'''''

== See also ==

 

* [[Systems intelligence]]

 

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Michael A. McDaniel, Big-brained people are smarter: A meta-analysis of the relationship between in vivo brain volume and intelligence, Intelligence, Volume 33, Issue 4, July-August 2005, Pages 337-346. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W4M-4FG4VBP-1/2/55c9e0f9f5aa037e893e726d6c60e5a8]

* Michael A. McDaniel, Big-brained people are smarter: A meta-analysis of the relationship between in vivo brain volume and intelligence, Intelligence, Volume 33, Issue 4, July-August 2005, Pages 337-346. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W4M-4FG4VBP-1/2/55c9e0f9f5aa037e893e726d6c60e5a8]

*[[Charles Murray]] (1998). Income Inequality and IQ, AEI Press  

*[[Charles Murray]] (1998). Income Inequality and IQ, AEI Press  

*Noguera, P.A. (2001).  Racial politics and the elusive quest for excellence and equity in education.  [http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/er/pnrp1.html In Motion Magazine article]

*Noguera, P.A. (2001).  Racial politics and the elusive quest for excellence and equity in education.  [http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/er/pnrp1.html In Motion Magazine article]

*R. Plomin, J. C. DeFries, G. E. McClearn, M. Rutter, ''Behavioral Genetics'' (Freeman, New York, ed. 3, 1997).

*R. Plomin, J. C. DeFries, G. E. McClearn, M. Rutter, ''Behavioral Genetics'' (Freeman, New York, ed. 3, 1997).

== External links ==

== External links ==

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041130090438/http://www.apa.org/releases/intell.html Press Release: APA Task Force Examines the Knowns and Unknowns of Intelligence]

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041130090438/http://www.apa.org/releases/intell.html Press Release: APA Task Force Examines the Knowns and Unknowns of Intelligence]

* [http://www.psychpage.com/learning/library/intell/mainstream.html The Wall Street Journal: Mainstream Science on Intelligence]{{PDFlink|[http://www.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1997mainstream.pdf]|798&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 817913 bytes -->}} (submitted editorial)

* [http://www.psychpage.com/learning/library/intell/mainstream.html The Wall Street Journal: Mainstream Science on Intelligence][http://www.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1997mainstream.pdf]|

*[http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/paik.html One Intelligence or Many? Alternative Approaches to Cognitive Abilities]

*[http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/paik.html One Intelligence or Many? Alternative Approaches to Cognitive Abilities]

*[http://www.abelard.org/statistics.htm Intelligence: misuse and abuse of statistics]

*[http://www.abelard.org/statistics.htm Intelligence: misuse and abuse of statistics]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]