Changes

The size of the jury varies; in criminal cases there are usually 12 jurors, although Scotland uses 15. In civil cases many trials require only six.

The size of the jury varies; in criminal cases there are usually 12 jurors, although Scotland uses 15. In civil cases many trials require only six.

A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury grand jury], a type of jury now confined almost exclusively to some jurisdictions in the United States, determines whether there is enough evidence for a criminal trial to go forward. Grand juries carry out this duty by examining evidence presented to them by a prosecutor and issuing indictments, or by investigating alleged crimes and issuing presentments. A grand jury is traditionally larger than and distinguishable from the petit jury used during a trial, with at least 12 jurors.

A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury grand jury], a type of jury now confined almost exclusively to some jurisdictions in the United States, determines whether there is enough evidence for a criminal trial to go forward. Grand juries carry out this duty by examining evidence presented to them by a prosecutor and issuing indictments, or by investigating alleged crimes and issuing presentments. A grand jury is traditionally larger than and distinguishable from the petit jury used during a trial, with at least 12 jurors.

==Composition of juries==

==Composition of juries==

Serving on a jury is normally [[compulsory]] for those [[individual]]s who are qualified for jury service. Since a jury is intended to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict, there are often procedures and requirements, for instance, fluent understanding of the [[language]], or the ability to test jurors or otherwise exclude jurors who might be perceived as less than neutral or more partial to hear one side or the other. Juries are initially chosen [[random]]ly from the eligible [[population]] residing in the court's jurisdictional area (unless a change of venue has occurred). Jury selection varies widely; in the United States, some form of organized questioning of the prospective jurors (jury pool) occurs—voir dire—before the jury is selected (impaneled).

Serving on a jury is normally [[compulsory]] for those [[individual]]s who are qualified for jury service. Since a jury is intended to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict, there are often procedures and requirements, for instance, fluent understanding of the [[language]], or the ability to test jurors or otherwise exclude jurors who might be perceived as less than neutral or more partial to hear one side or the other. Juries are initially chosen [[random]]ly from the eligible [[population]] residing in the court's jurisdictional area (unless a change of venue has occurred). Jury selection varies widely; in the United States, some form of organized questioning of the prospective jurors (jury pool) occurs—voir dire—before the jury is selected (impaneled).

==Notes==

==Notes==

# W.L. Warren, "Henry II" University of California Press,(1973)

# W.L. Warren, "Henry II" University of California Press,(1973)

# Daniel Klerman, "Was the Jury Every Self-Informing," Southern California Law Review 77: (2003), 123. http://lawweb.usc.edu/users/dklerman/documents/Klerman.Self-informing.pdf

# Daniel Klerman, "Was the Jury Every Self-Informing," Southern California Law Review 77: (2003), 123. https://lawweb.usc.edu/users/dklerman/documents/Klerman.Self-informing.pdf

# Oxford History of England, 2nd ed 1955, vol III Domesday Book to Magna Carta, A l Poolepp.397-398

# Oxford History of England, 2nd ed 1955, vol III Domesday Book to Magna Carta, A l Poolepp.397-398

# Carey, Christopher. "Legal Space in Classical Athens." Greece & Rome 41(2): Oct. 1994, pp. 172-186.

# Carey, Christopher. "Legal Space in Classical Athens." Greece & Rome 41(2): Oct. 1994, pp. 172-186.

# Nullifying the Jury: “The Judicial Oligarchy” Declares War on Jury Nullification Washburn Law Journal May 2, 2007

# Nullifying the Jury: “The Judicial Oligarchy” Declares War on Jury Nullification Washburn Law Journal May 2, 2007

# New Statesman, 2000-10-09.

# New Statesman, 2000-10-09.

# "[http://de. wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschworenengericht Geschworenengericht]". Retrieved on 2007-09-10.

# "[https://de. wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschworenengericht Geschworenengericht]". Retrieved on 2007-09-10.

# "NZ's first majority guilty verdict". Stuff. Retrieved on 2009-06-03.

# "NZ's first majority guilty verdict". Stuff. Retrieved on 2009-06-03.

# "Lov om rettergangsmåten i straffesaker (Straffeprosessloven)". Lovdata. Retrieved on 2008-08-22.

# "Lov om rettergangsmåten i straffesaker (Straffeprosessloven)". Lovdata. Retrieved on 2008-08-22.

# Amar, A.R. (1998). The Bill of Rights. New Haven, CT: Yale University. pp. 81-118.

# Amar, A.R. (1998). The Bill of Rights. New Haven, CT: Yale University. pp. 81-118.

# This power is often used in drug cases "to impose an enhanced sentence ... based on the sentencing judge’s determination of a fact that was not found by the jury or admitted by the defendant". In April 2008, the U.S. District Court, in a 236 page opinion to address this ruled that juries should be told before they deliberate if a defendant is facing a mandatory minimum sentence and also called it "inappropriate" to ignore the juries power to refuse to convict (jury nullification).

# This power is often used in drug cases "to impose an enhanced sentence ... based on the sentencing judge’s determination of a fact that was not found by the jury or admitted by the defendant". In April 2008, the U.S. District Court, in a 236 page opinion to address this ruled that juries should be told before they deliberate if a defendant is facing a mandatory minimum sentence and also called it "inappropriate" to ignore the juries power to refuse to convict (jury nullification).

# http://www.ncsconline.org/WC/CourTopics/StateLinks.asp?id=47&topic=JurMan

# https://www.ncsconline.org/WC/CourTopics/StateLinks.asp?id=47&topic=JurMan

[[Category: Law]]

[[Category: Law]]

[[Category: Political Science]]

[[Category: Political Science]]