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'''Justice''' is the concept of fairness based on [[ethics]], [[rationality]], [[law]], and [[equity]]. A conception of justice is one of the key features of [[society]]. Theories of justice vary greatly, but there is evidence that everyday views of justice can be reconciled with patterned moral preferences.

'''Justice''' is the concept of fairness based on [[ethics]], [[rationality]], [[law]], and [[equity]]. A conception of justice is one of the key features of [[society]]. Theories of justice vary greatly, but there is evidence that everyday views of justice can be reconciled with patterned moral preferences.

== Concept of justice ==

== Concept of justice ==

'''Justice''' concerns the proper ordering of [[things]] and [[personalities|persons]] within a [[society]]. As a concept it has been subject to [[philosophy|philosophical]], [[law|legal]], and [[theology|theological]] reflection and debate throughout [[history]].

'''Justice''' concerns the proper ordering of [[things]] and [[personalities|persons]] within a [[society]]. As a concept it has been subject to [[philosophy|philosophical]], [[law|legal]], and [[theology|theological]] reflection and debate throughout [[history]].

Studies at UCLA in 2008 have indicated that reactions to fairness are "wired" into the brain and that, "Fairness is activating the same part of the brain that responds to food in rats... This is consistent with the notion that being treated fairly satisfies a basic need" [http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/brain-reacts-to-fairness-as-it-49042.aspx?link_page_rss=49042]. Research conducted in 2003 at Emory University, involving Capuchin Monkeys demonstrated that other cooperative animals also possess such a sense and that "inequality aversion may not be uniquely human" indicating that ideas of fairness and justice may be instinctual in [[nature]].

Studies at UCLA in 2008 have indicated that reactions to fairness are "wired" into the brain and that, "Fairness is activating the same part of the brain that responds to food in rats... This is consistent with the notion that being treated fairly satisfies a basic need" [http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/brain-reacts-to-fairness-as-it-49042.aspx?link_page_rss=49042]. Research conducted in 2003 at Emory University, involving Capuchin Monkeys demonstrated that other cooperative animals also possess such a sense and that "inequality aversion may not be uniquely human" indicating that ideas of fairness and justice may be instinctual in [[nature]].

 

== Variations of justice ==

== Variations of justice ==

''[[Utilitarianism]]'' is a form of consequentialism, where punishment is forward-looking. Justified by the ability to achieve future social benefits resulting in crime reduction, the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome.  

''[[Utilitarianism]]'' is a form of consequentialism, where punishment is forward-looking. Justified by the ability to achieve future social benefits resulting in crime reduction, the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome.