Changes

[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]][[Image:Langlit.jpg|right|frame|<center>[http://www.core.org.cn/OcwWeb/index.htm mitopencourseware]</center>]]

[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]][[Image:Langlit.jpg|right|frame|<center>[https://www.core.org.cn/OcwWeb/index.htm mitopencourseware]</center>]]

A '''language''' is a [[system]] of arbitrary symbols and the rules used to manipulate them.  '''Language''' can also refer to the use of such systems as a general [[phenomenon]].  Though commonly used as a means of communication among people, human language is only one instance of this phenomenon.  This article concerns the properties of language in general.  For information specifically on the use of language by humans see the main article on [[natural language]].

A '''language''' is a [[system]] of arbitrary symbols and the rules used to manipulate them.  '''Language''' can also refer to the use of such systems as a general [[phenomenon]].  Though commonly used as a means of communication among people, human language is only one instance of this phenomenon.  This article concerns the properties of language in general.  For information specifically on the use of language by humans see the main article on [[natural language]].

* [[Eric R. Kandel|Kandel ER]], Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. ''[[Principles of Neural Science]]'', fourth edition, 1173 pages. McGraw-Hill, New York (2000). ISBN 0-8385-7701-6

* [[Eric R. Kandel|Kandel ER]], Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. ''[[Principles of Neural Science]]'', fourth edition, 1173 pages. McGraw-Hill, New York (2000). ISBN 0-8385-7701-6

* Katzner, K. (1999). ''The Languages of the World.'' New York, Routledge.

* Katzner, K. (1999). ''The Languages of the World.'' New York, Routledge.

*Holquist, Michael. (1981) [http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/exbakdia.html#ex1 Introduction] to [[Mikhail Bakhtin]]'s ''The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays''. Austin and London: University of Texas Press. xv-xxxiv

*Holquist, Michael. (1981) [https://www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/exbakdia.html#ex1 Introduction] to [[Mikhail Bakhtin]]'s ''The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays''. Austin and London: University of Texas Press. xv-xxxiv

* McArthur, T. (1996). ''The Concise Companion to the English Language.'' Oxford, Oxford University Press.

* McArthur, T. (1996). ''The Concise Companion to the English Language.'' Oxford, Oxford University Press.

==External links==

==External links==

*[http://www.netz-tipp.de/languages.html Distribution of languages on the Internet]

*[https://www.netz-tipp.de/languages.html Distribution of languages on the Internet]

==Literature==

==Literature==

* "[[free verse]]", or poetry not adhering to any of the structures of one or another formal poetic style

* "[[free verse]]", or poetry not adhering to any of the structures of one or another formal poetic style

Narrative [[fiction]] ([http://moodle.ed.uiuc.edu/wiked/index.php/Narrative_prose narrative prose]) generally favours prose for the writing of [[novels]], short stories, graphic novels, and the like. Singular examples of these exist throughout history, but they did not develop into systematic and discrete literary forms until relatively recent centuries.  Length often serves to categorize works of prose fiction.  Although limits remain somewhat arbitrary, modern [[publishing]] conventions dictate the following:  

Narrative [[fiction]] ([https://moodle.ed.uiuc.edu/wiked/index.php/Narrative_prose narrative prose]) generally favours prose for the writing of [[novels]], short stories, graphic novels, and the like. Singular examples of these exist throughout history, but they did not develop into systematic and discrete literary forms until relatively recent centuries.  Length often serves to categorize works of prose fiction.  Although limits remain somewhat arbitrary, modern [[publishing]] conventions dictate the following:  

* A [[Mini Saga]] is a short story of ''exactly'' 50 words

* A [[Mini Saga]] is a short story of ''exactly'' 50 words

* A [[Flash fiction]] is generally defined as a piece of prose under a thousand words.

* A [[Flash fiction]] is generally defined as a piece of prose under a thousand words.

*[[Open Directory Project]]:  

*[[Open Directory Project]]:  

**[http://dmoz.org/Arts/Literature/ Literature]

**[https://dmoz.org/Arts/Literature/ Literature]

**[http://dmoz.org/Arts/Literature/World_Literature/ World Literature]

**[https://dmoz.org/Arts/Literature/World_Literature/ World Literature]

**[http://dmoz.org/Arts/Literature/Electronic_Text_Archives/ Electronic Text Archives]

**[https://dmoz.org/Arts/Literature/Electronic_Text_Archives/ Electronic Text Archives]

**[http://dmoz.org/Arts/Literature/Magazines_and_E-zines/ Magazines and E-zines]

**[https://dmoz.org/Arts/Literature/Magazines_and_E-zines/ Magazines and E-zines]

**[http://dmoz.org/Arts/Online_Writing/ Online Writing]

**[https://dmoz.org/Arts/Online_Writing/ Online Writing]

**[http://dmoz.org/Arts/Writers_Resources/ Writers Resources]

**[https://dmoz.org/Arts/Writers_Resources/ Writers Resources]

**[http://dmoz.org/Reference/Libraries/Digital/ Libraries, Digital]

**[https://dmoz.org/Reference/Libraries/Digital/ Libraries, Digital]

**[http://dmoz.org/Reference/Libraries/Library_and_Information_Science/Technical_Services/Cataloguing/Metadata/ Cataloguing, Metadata]

**[https://dmoz.org/Reference/Libraries/Library_and_Information_Science/Technical_Services/Cataloguing/Metadata/ Cataloguing, Metadata]

**[http://dmoz.org/Reference/Education/Distance_Learning/ Distance Learning]

**[https://dmoz.org/Reference/Education/Distance_Learning/ Distance Learning]

*[http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-55 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Classicism in Literature

*[https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-55 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Classicism in Literature

*[http://www.tsarbooks.com/  TSAR Publications]

*[https://www.tsarbooks.com/  TSAR Publications]

*[http://www.ulib.org/ The Universal Library], by [[Carnegie Mellon University]]

*[https://www.ulib.org/ The Universal Library], by [[Carnegie Mellon University]]

*[http://gutenberg.net Project Gutenberg Online Library]

*[https://gutenberg.net Project Gutenberg Online Library]

**[http://www.abacci.com/books/default.asp Abacci] - Project Gutenberg texts matched with Amazon reviews

**[https://www.abacci.com/books/default.asp Abacci] - Project Gutenberg texts matched with Amazon reviews

**[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu The Online Books Page] A search engine for online ebooks.

**[https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu The Online Books Page] A search engine for online ebooks.

*[http://www.iblist.com Internet Book List] - Similar to [[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]] but for books.

*[https://www.iblist.com Internet Book List] - Similar to [[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]] but for books.

*[http://www.bopsecrets.org/rexroth/essays/literature.htm The Art of Literature:] Essay from [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] by [[Kenneth Rexroth]].

*[https://www.bopsecrets.org/rexroth/essays/literature.htm The Art of Literature:] Essay from [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] by [[Kenneth Rexroth]].

*[http://www.awardannals.com Most Honored Literature], books sorted by awards.

*[https://www.awardannals.com Most Honored Literature], books sorted by awards.

*[http://www.unizar.es/departamentos/filologia_inglesa/garciala/bibliography.html A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology] (José Ángel García Landa, University of Zaragoza, Spain)

*[https://www.unizar.es/departamentos/filologia_inglesa/garciala/bibliography.html A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology] (José Ángel García Landa, University of Zaragoza, Spain)

**[http://litterature.canalblog.com/ Univers Litteraire]

**[https://litterature.canalblog.com/ Univers Litteraire]

* [http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/g-index.html The Johns Hopkins Guide to literary Theory and Criticism]

* [https://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/g-index.html The Johns Hopkins Guide to literary Theory and Criticism]

*[http://www.thereader.co.uk The Reader] - Literary magazine publishing poetry, short fiction and articles about literature and reading.

*[https://www.thereader.co.uk The Reader] - Literary magazine publishing poetry, short fiction and articles about literature and reading.

* [http://www.booktalkforums.com/ Online Literature Discussions]

* [https://www.booktalkforums.com/ Online Literature Discussions]

*[http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/realism.htm American literary realism: definitions, links, bibliographies]

*[https://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/realism.htm American literary realism: definitions, links, bibliographies]

* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/DicHist/analytic/anaIII.html The history of ideas in literature and the arts in aesthetic theory and literary criticism. In ''The Dictionary of the History of Ideas''.]

* [https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/DicHist/analytic/anaIII.html The history of ideas in literature and the arts in aesthetic theory and literary criticism. In ''The Dictionary of the History of Ideas''.]