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'''Meditation''' describes a state of concentrated [[attention]] on some object of [[thought]] or [[awareness]]. It usually involves turning the attention inward to a single point of reference.[http://www.spiritual.com.au/dictionary/dict_m.html]. The benefits of the practice can engender a higher state of consciousness. Meditation is recognized as a component of [[eastern religions]], where it has been practiced for over 5,000 years. The Bhagavad-Gita and Jivana Yoga By Ramnarayan Vyas (Hatha Yoga: Its Context, Theory and Practice By Mikel Burley) (Zen Buddhism: A History (India and China By Heinrich Dumoulin, James W. Heisig, Paul F. Knitter). Different meditative disciplines encompass a wide range of spiritual and/or psychophysical practices which can emphasize development of either a high degree of mental concentration, or the apparent converse, mental [[quiescence]].  

'''Meditation''' describes a state of concentrated [[attention]] on some object of [[thought]] or [[awareness]]. It usually involves turning the attention inward to a single point of reference.[https://www.spiritual.com.au/dictionary/dict_m.html]. The benefits of the practice can engender a higher state of consciousness. Meditation is recognized as a component of [[eastern religions]], where it has been practiced for over 5,000 years. The Bhagavad-Gita and Jivana Yoga By Ramnarayan Vyas (Hatha Yoga: Its Context, Theory and Practice By Mikel Burley) (Zen Buddhism: A History (India and China By Heinrich Dumoulin, James W. Heisig, Paul F. Knitter). Different meditative disciplines encompass a wide range of spiritual and/or psychophysical practices which can emphasize development of either a high degree of mental concentration, or the apparent converse, mental [[quiescence]].  

The word meditation comes from the [[Latin]] ''meditatio'', which originally indicated every type of physical or intellectual exercise, then later evolved into the more specific meaning "[[contemplation]]."  

The word meditation comes from the [[Latin]] ''meditatio'', which originally indicated every type of physical or intellectual exercise, then later evolved into the more specific meaning "[[contemplation]]."  

Eastern spiritual teachings, including meditation, have been adapted and increasingly practiced in [[Western world|Western]] culture. (The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 22|pages=pp. 149-166)

Eastern spiritual teachings, including meditation, have been adapted and increasingly practiced in [[Western world|Western]] culture. (The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 22|pages=pp. 149-166)

<center>For lessons on '''''Meditation''''' (Stillness), [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Stillness follow this link].</center>

<center>For lessons on '''''Meditation''''' (Stillness), [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Stillness follow this link].</center>

== Forms of meditation==

== Forms of meditation==

The [[Bahá'í Faith]] teaches that meditation is necessary for spiritual growth, alongside obligatory prayer and fasting. [[`Abdu'l-Bahá]] is quoted as saying:

The [[Bahá'í Faith]] teaches that meditation is necessary for spiritual growth, alongside obligatory prayer and fasting. [[`Abdu'l-Bahá]] is quoted as saying:

<blockquote>"Meditation is the key for opening the doors of mysteries to your mind. In that state man abstracts himself: in that state man withdraws himself from all outside objects; in that subjective mood he is immersed in the ocean of spiritual life and can unfold the secrets of things-in-themselves."[http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PT/pt-55.html]</blockquote>

<blockquote>"Meditation is the key for opening the doors of mysteries to your mind. In that state man abstracts himself: in that state man withdraws himself from all outside objects; in that subjective mood he is immersed in the ocean of spiritual life and can unfold the secrets of things-in-themselves."[https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PT/pt-55.html]</blockquote>

Although the Founder of the Faith, [[Bahá'u'lláh]], never specified any particular forms of meditation, some Bahá'í practices are meditative. One of these is the daily repetition of the Arabic phrase Alláhu Abhá ([[Arabic]]: الله ابهى) (God is Most Glorious) 95 times preceded by [[ablution]]s. Abhá has the same root as Bahá' ([[Arabic]]: بهاء‎  "splendor" or "glory") which Bahá'ís consider to be the "Greatest Name of God".

Although the Founder of the Faith, [[Bahá'u'lláh]], never specified any particular forms of meditation, some Bahá'í practices are meditative. One of these is the daily repetition of the Arabic phrase Alláhu Abhá ([[Arabic]]: الله ابهى) (God is Most Glorious) 95 times preceded by [[ablution]]s. Abhá has the same root as Bahá' ([[Arabic]]: بهاء‎  "splendor" or "glory") which Bahá'ís consider to be the "Greatest Name of God".

In Japanese [[Mahayana]] schools, [[Tendai]] (Tien-tai), concentration is cultivated through highly [[structure]]d [[ritual]]. Especially in the Chinese [[Chán]] Buddhism school (which branched out into the Japanese [[Zen]], and Korean [[Seon]] schools), [[Zazen|ts'o ch'an]] meditation and [[koan]] meditation practices allow a practitioner to directly [[experience]] the true nature of [[reality]] (each of the names of these schools derives from the Sanskrit [[dhyana]], and translates into "meditation" in their respective languages). The [[esoteric]] [[Shingon]] sect shares many features with [[Tibetan Buddhism]].

In Japanese [[Mahayana]] schools, [[Tendai]] (Tien-tai), concentration is cultivated through highly [[structure]]d [[ritual]]. Especially in the Chinese [[Chán]] Buddhism school (which branched out into the Japanese [[Zen]], and Korean [[Seon]] schools), [[Zazen|ts'o ch'an]] meditation and [[koan]] meditation practices allow a practitioner to directly [[experience]] the true nature of [[reality]] (each of the names of these schools derives from the Sanskrit [[dhyana]], and translates into "meditation" in their respective languages). The [[esoteric]] [[Shingon]] sect shares many features with [[Tibetan Buddhism]].

[[Tibetan Buddhism]] ([[Vajrayana]]) emphasizes [[tantra]] for its senior practitioners; hence its alternate name of Tantrayana Buddhism. Many monks go through their day without "meditating" in a recognizable form, but are more likely to chant or participate in group liturgy. In this tradition, the purpose of meditation is to awaken the sky-like nature of [[mind]], and to introduce practitioners to that which they really are: unchanging pure awareness, which underlies the whole of life and death.[http://www.mandala.hr/1/groundpathfruit.html]. Compiled by Surya Das with Nyoshul Khenpo.  

[[Tibetan Buddhism]] ([[Vajrayana]]) emphasizes [[tantra]] for its senior practitioners; hence its alternate name of Tantrayana Buddhism. Many monks go through their day without "meditating" in a recognizable form, but are more likely to chant or participate in group liturgy. In this tradition, the purpose of meditation is to awaken the sky-like nature of [[mind]], and to introduce practitioners to that which they really are: unchanging pure awareness, which underlies the whole of life and death.[https://www.mandala.hr/1/groundpathfruit.html]. Compiled by Surya Das with Nyoshul Khenpo.  

   

   

Meditation is the way to bring us back to ourselves, where we can really experience and taste our full being, beyond all habitual patterns. In the '''stillness''' and [[silence]] of meditation, we glimpse and return to that deep inner nature that we have so long ago lost sight of amid the busyness and distraction of our minds.

Meditation is the way to bring us back to ourselves, where we can really experience and taste our full being, beyond all habitual patterns. In the '''stillness''' and [[silence]] of meditation, we glimpse and return to that deep inner nature that we have so long ago lost sight of amid the busyness and distraction of our minds.

</blockquote>

</blockquote>

Most Buddhist traditions recognize that the path to Enlightenment entails three types of training: virtue (''sīla''); meditation (''citta''); and, wisdom (''[[prajna|paññā]]''). For instance, from the [[Pali Canon]], see [[Majjhima Nikaya|MN]] 44 [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.044.than.html] and [[Anguttara Nikaya|AN]] 3:88 [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.088.than.html (Thanissaro, 1998b).]  In Mahayana tradition, the [[Lotus Sutra]] lists the Six Perfections (''paramita'') which echoes the threefold training with the inclusion of virtue (''Sila|śīla''), concentration (''[[Dhyana|dhyāna]]'') and wisdom (''[[Prajna|prajñā]]'').  Thus, meditative prowess alone is not sufficient; it is but one part of the path.  In other words, in Buddhism, in tandem with mental cultivation, ethical development and wise understanding are also necessary for the attainment of the highest goal. [http://www.westernbuddhistreview.com/vol4/kamma_in_context.html]

Most Buddhist traditions recognize that the path to Enlightenment entails three types of training: virtue (''sīla''); meditation (''citta''); and, wisdom (''[[prajna|paññā]]''). For instance, from the [[Pali Canon]], see [[Majjhima Nikaya|MN]] 44 [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.044.than.html] and [[Anguttara Nikaya|AN]] 3:88 [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.088.than.html (Thanissaro, 1998b).]  In Mahayana tradition, the [[Lotus Sutra]] lists the Six Perfections (''paramita'') which echoes the threefold training with the inclusion of virtue (''Sila|śīla''), concentration (''[[Dhyana|dhyāna]]'') and wisdom (''[[Prajna|prajñā]]'').  Thus, meditative prowess alone is not sufficient; it is but one part of the path.  In other words, in Buddhism, in tandem with mental cultivation, ethical development and wise understanding are also necessary for the attainment of the highest goal. [https://www.westernbuddhistreview.com/vol4/kamma_in_context.html]

===Christianity===

===Christianity===

The [[Jainism|Jains]] use the word [[Samayika]], a word in the [[Prakrit]] language derived from the word samay (time), to denote the practice of meditation. The aim of Samayika is to transcend the daily experiences of being a "constantly changing" human being, [[Jiva]], and allow for the identification with the "changeless" reality in the practitioner, the Atma. The practice of Samayika begins by achieving a balance in time. If the present moment of time is taken to be a point between the past and the future, Samayika means being fully aware, alert and conscious in that very moment, experiencing one's true nature, Atma, which is considered common to all living beings. The Samayika takes on special significance during [[Paryushana]], a special 8-day period practiced by the Jains.

The [[Jainism|Jains]] use the word [[Samayika]], a word in the [[Prakrit]] language derived from the word samay (time), to denote the practice of meditation. The aim of Samayika is to transcend the daily experiences of being a "constantly changing" human being, [[Jiva]], and allow for the identification with the "changeless" reality in the practitioner, the Atma. The practice of Samayika begins by achieving a balance in time. If the present moment of time is taken to be a point between the past and the future, Samayika means being fully aware, alert and conscious in that very moment, experiencing one's true nature, Atma, which is considered common to all living beings. The Samayika takes on special significance during [[Paryushana]], a special 8-day period practiced by the Jains.

Meditation techniques were available in ancient Jain scriptures that have been forgotten with time. A practice called [[preksha meditation]] is said to have been rediscovered by the 10th Head of Jain Swetamber Terapanth sect [[Acharya Mahaprajna]],[http://preksha.com/html/meditation.htm Preksha Meditation] preksha.com. Retrieved on: [[August 25]], [[2007]]. and consists of the perception of the body, the psychic centres, breath and of contemplation processes which will initiate the process of personal transformation. It aims at reaching and purify the deeper levels of existence. Regular practice strengthens the immune system, builds up stamina to resist against aging process, pollution, chemical toxins, viruses, diseases, food adulteration etc. [[Jain Meditation]] is important to the daily lives of the religion's monks.J. Zaveri [http://www.jzaveri.com/what_is_preksha.htm What is Preksha?]. .jzaveri.com.  

Meditation techniques were available in ancient Jain scriptures that have been forgotten with time. A practice called [[preksha meditation]] is said to have been rediscovered by the 10th Head of Jain Swetamber Terapanth sect [[Acharya Mahaprajna]],[https://preksha.com/html/meditation.htm Preksha Meditation] preksha.com. Retrieved on: [[August 25]], [[2007]]. and consists of the perception of the body, the psychic centres, breath and of contemplation processes which will initiate the process of personal transformation. It aims at reaching and purify the deeper levels of existence. Regular practice strengthens the immune system, builds up stamina to resist against aging process, pollution, chemical toxins, viruses, diseases, food adulteration etc. [[Jain Meditation]] is important to the daily lives of the religion's monks.J. Zaveri [https://www.jzaveri.com/what_is_preksha.htm What is Preksha?]. .jzaveri.com.  

Acharya Mahaprajna says: <blockquote>

Acharya Mahaprajna says: <blockquote>

Amity is my devotion.

Amity is my devotion.

Self restraint is my strength.

Self restraint is my strength.

Non-violence is my religion.ain Vishwa Bharati [http://www.jvbhouston.org/preksha.htm]</blockquote>

Non-violence is my religion.ain Vishwa Bharati [https://www.jvbhouston.org/preksha.htm]</blockquote>

===Judaism===

===Judaism===

There is evidence that Judaism has had meditative practices that go back thousands of years.[http://members.tripod.com/shulamit18/id65.htm#a_brief_introduction_to_jewish]. For instance, in the [[Torah]], the patriarch [[Isaac]] is described as going "לשוח" (''lasuach'') in the field - a term understood by all commentators as some type of meditative practice ([[Genesis]] 24:63).

There is evidence that Judaism has had meditative practices that go back thousands of years.[https://members.tripod.com/shulamit18/id65.htm#a_brief_introduction_to_jewish]. For instance, in the [[Torah]], the patriarch [[Isaac]] is described as going "לשוח" (''lasuach'') in the field - a term understood by all commentators as some type of meditative practice ([[Genesis]] 24:63).

Similarly, there are indications throughout the [[Tanach]] (the Hebrew [[Bible]]) that meditation was central to the prophets. In the [[Old Testament]], there are two [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] words for meditation: ''hāgâ'' (הגה), which means ''to sigh'' or ''murmur'', but also ''to meditate'', and ''sîḥâ'' (שיחה), which means ''to muse'', or ''rehearse in one's mind''.

Similarly, there are indications throughout the [[Tanach]] (the Hebrew [[Bible]]) that meditation was central to the prophets. In the [[Old Testament]], there are two [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] words for meditation: ''hāgâ'' (הגה), which means ''to sigh'' or ''murmur'', but also ''to meditate'', and ''sîḥâ'' (שיחה), which means ''to muse'', or ''rehearse in one's mind''.

===New Age===

===New Age===

New Age meditations are often influenced by Eastern philosophy and mysticism such as Yoga, Hinduism and Buddhism, yet may contain some degree of Western influence. In the west meditation found its mainstream roots through the [[hippie]]- [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] social revolution of the [[1960s]] and [[1970s]] when many of the youth of the day rebelled against traditional [[belief]] systems. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899555-1,00.html The Hippies 1968-07]

New Age meditations are often influenced by Eastern philosophy and mysticism such as Yoga, Hinduism and Buddhism, yet may contain some degree of Western influence. In the west meditation found its mainstream roots through the [[hippie]]- [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] social revolution of the [[1960s]] and [[1970s]] when many of the youth of the day rebelled against traditional [[belief]] systems. [https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899555-1,00.html The Hippies 1968-07]

===Sikhism===

===Sikhism===

=== Other ===

=== Other ===

====Meditation according to Krishnamurti====

====Meditation according to Krishnamurti====

[[J Krishnamurti]] used the word meditation to mean something entirely different from the practice of any system or method to control the mind. He said, “Man, in order to escape his conflicts, has invented many forms of meditation. These have been based on desire, will, and the urge for achievement, and imply conflict and a struggle to arrive. This conscious, deliberate striving is always within the limits of a conditioned mind, and in this there is no freedom. All effort to meditate is the denial of meditation. Meditation is the ending of thought. It is only then that there is a different dimension which is beyond time.” For Krishnamurti, meditation was choiceless awareness in the present. He said "..When you learn about yourself, watch yourself, watch the way you walk, how you eat, what you say, the gossip, the hate, the jealousy - if you are aware of all that in yourself, without any choice, that is part of meditation." Krishnamurti Foundation Trust. [http://www.omalpha.com/jardin/krishnamurti-en.html Meditation]. From Chapter 15 of ''Freedom from the Known,'' J. Krishnamurti (1969) Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-064808-2.

[[J Krishnamurti]] used the word meditation to mean something entirely different from the practice of any system or method to control the mind. He said, “Man, in order to escape his conflicts, has invented many forms of meditation. These have been based on desire, will, and the urge for achievement, and imply conflict and a struggle to arrive. This conscious, deliberate striving is always within the limits of a conditioned mind, and in this there is no freedom. All effort to meditate is the denial of meditation. Meditation is the ending of thought. It is only then that there is a different dimension which is beyond time.” For Krishnamurti, meditation was choiceless awareness in the present. He said "..When you learn about yourself, watch yourself, watch the way you walk, how you eat, what you say, the gossip, the hate, the jealousy - if you are aware of all that in yourself, without any choice, that is part of meditation." Krishnamurti Foundation Trust. [https://www.omalpha.com/jardin/krishnamurti-en.html Meditation]. From Chapter 15 of ''Freedom from the Known,'' J. Krishnamurti (1969) Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-064808-2.

====Active/dynamic meditation====

====Active/dynamic meditation====

The 1999 book ''The Calm Technique: Meditation Without Magic or Mysticism'' by Paul Wilson has a discussion and instruction in a form of secular meditation.

The 1999 book ''The Calm Technique: Meditation Without Magic or Mysticism'' by Paul Wilson has a discussion and instruction in a form of secular meditation.

[[Biofeedback]] has been tried by many researchers since the 1950s as a way to enter deeper states of mind. [http://www.eaglelife.com/biofeedbackmeditation.html] Eagle Life Communications Accessed March 2007.

[[Biofeedback]] has been tried by many researchers since the 1950s as a way to enter deeper states of mind. [https://www.eaglelife.com/biofeedbackmeditation.html] Eagle Life Communications Accessed March 2007.

Primordial Sound Meditation is an ancient meditation technique with its origins in the Vedic tradition of India. It has been modernized and revitalized by Drs. [[Deepak Chopra]] and David Simon of the [http://www.chopra.com]. It is a silent mantra meditation that uses primordial [[sound]]s (sounds of [[nature]]) that are [[Linguistics|linguistically]] [[structure]]d and used to bring awareness to more and more subtle levels of [[thought]].

Primordial Sound Meditation is an ancient meditation technique with its origins in the Vedic tradition of India. It has been modernized and revitalized by Drs. [[Deepak Chopra]] and David Simon of the [https://www.chopra.com]. It is a silent mantra meditation that uses primordial [[sound]]s (sounds of [[nature]]) that are [[Linguistics|linguistically]] [[structure]]d and used to bring awareness to more and more subtle levels of [[thought]].

====Meditation using beads====

====Meditation using beads====

== Physical postures ==

== Physical postures ==

Different spiritual traditions, and different teachers within those traditions, prescribe or  suggest different physical postures for meditation. Sitting, supine, and standing [http://www.martialdevelopment.com/blog/four-paradoxes-of-standing-meditation/] postures are used.  Most famous are the several cross-legged sitting postures, including the [[Lotus Position]].  

Different spiritual traditions, and different teachers within those traditions, prescribe or  suggest different physical postures for meditation. Sitting, supine, and standing [https://www.martialdevelopment.com/blog/four-paradoxes-of-standing-meditation/] postures are used.  Most famous are the several cross-legged sitting postures, including the [[Lotus Position]].  

=== Spine ===

=== Spine ===

Many meditative traditions teach that the spine should be kept "straight" (i.e. that the meditator should not slouch). Often this is explained as a way of encouraging the circulation of what some call "spiritual energy," the "vital breath", the "life force" (Sanskrit ''prana'', Chinese ''[[qi]]'', Latin ''spiritus'') or the [[Kundalini]].  In some traditions the meditator may sit on a chair, flat-footed (as in [[New Thought]]); sit on a stool (as in Orthodox Christianity); or walk in mindfulness (as in [[Theravada]] Buddhism). Some traditions suggest being barefoot, for comfort, for convenience, or for spiritual reasons.  

Many meditative traditions teach that the spine should be kept "straight" (i.e. that the meditator should not slouch). Often this is explained as a way of encouraging the circulation of what some call "spiritual energy," the "vital breath", the "life force" (Sanskrit ''prana'', Chinese ''[[qi]]'', Latin ''spiritus'') or the [[Kundalini]].  In some traditions the meditator may sit on a chair, flat-footed (as in [[New Thought]]); sit on a stool (as in Orthodox Christianity); or walk in mindfulness (as in [[Theravada]] Buddhism). Some traditions suggest being barefoot, for comfort, for convenience, or for spiritual reasons.  

===Potential hazards===

===Potential hazards===

There is anecdotal evidence that meditation can cause some people to [[experience]] psychotic episodes, particularly in those with a [[history]] of mental illness, or those who submit themselves to long meditation retreats without prior meditation experience. [http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/MaryGarden.html Can Meditation Be Bad for You?]

There is anecdotal evidence that meditation can cause some people to [[experience]] psychotic episodes, particularly in those with a [[history]] of mental illness, or those who submit themselves to long meditation retreats without prior meditation experience. [https://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/MaryGarden.html Can Meditation Be Bad for You?]

==Meditation in popular fiction==

==Meditation in popular fiction==

* Metzner R. (2005) Psychedelic, Psychoactive and Addictive Drugs and States of Consciousness. In ''Mind-Altering Drugs: The Science of Subjective Experience'', Chap. 2. Mitch Earlywine, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

* Metzner R. (2005) Psychedelic, Psychoactive and Addictive Drugs and States of Consciousness. In ''Mind-Altering Drugs: The Science of Subjective Experience'', Chap. 2. Mitch Earlywine, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

* MirAhmadi, As Sayed Nurjan Healing Power of Sufi Meditation The Healing Power of Sufi Meditation Paperback: 180 pages Publisher: Islamic Supreme Council of America (June 30, 2005) Language: English

* MirAhmadi, As Sayed Nurjan Healing Power of Sufi Meditation The Healing Power of Sufi Meditation Paperback: 180 pages Publisher: Islamic Supreme Council of America (June 30, 2005) Language: English

* Nirmalananda Giri, Swami (2007) [http://www.atmajyoti.org/med_om_yoga_download_1.asp] In-depth study of the classical meditation method of the Bhagavad Gita, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, and the Upanishads.

* Nirmalananda Giri, Swami (2007) [https://www.atmajyoti.org/med_om_yoga_download_1.asp] In-depth study of the classical meditation method of the Bhagavad Gita, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, and the Upanishads.

* Perez-De-Albeniz, Alberto & Holmes, Jeremy (2000) Meditation: Concepts, Effects And Uses In Therapy. International Journal of Psychotherapy, March 2000, Vol. 5 Issue 1, p49, 10p

* Perez-De-Albeniz, Alberto & Holmes, Jeremy (2000) Meditation: Concepts, Effects And Uses In Therapy. International Journal of Psychotherapy, March 2000, Vol. 5 Issue 1, p49, 10p

* Shalif, I. et al. (1985) [http://www.etext.org/Psychology/Shalif/emotions ''Focusing on the Emotions of Daily Life''] (Tel-Aviv: Etext Archives, 1990)

* Shalif, I. et al. (1985) [https://www.etext.org/Psychology/Shalif/emotions ''Focusing on the Emotions of Daily Life''] (Tel-Aviv: Etext Archives, 1990)

* Shapiro DH Jr. (1992) ''Adverse effects of meditation: a preliminary investigation of long-term meditators''. Int. Journal of Psychosom. 39(1-4):62-7. PubMed abstract PMID 1428622

* Shapiro DH Jr. (1992) ''Adverse effects of meditation: a preliminary investigation of long-term meditators''. Int. Journal of Psychosom. 39(1-4):62-7. PubMed abstract PMID 1428622

* [[Sogyal Rinpoche]], ''[[The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying]]'', ISBN 0-06-250834-2

* [[Sogyal Rinpoche]], ''[[The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying]]'', ISBN 0-06-250834-2

* [[Chogyam Trungpa|Trungpa, C.]] (1984) ''Shambhala: The Sacred Path of the Warrior'', Shambhala Dragon Editions, Boston, Massachusetts.

* [[Chogyam Trungpa|Trungpa, C.]] (1984) ''Shambhala: The Sacred Path of the Warrior'', Shambhala Dragon Editions, Boston, Massachusetts.

* Erhard Vogel. (2001) ''Journey Into Your Center'', Nataraja Publications, ISBN 1-892484-05-6

* Erhard Vogel. (2001) ''Journey Into Your Center'', Nataraja Publications, ISBN 1-892484-05-6

* Wenner, Melinda. "Brain Scans Reveal Why Meditation Works." LiveScience.com. 30 June 2007. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/livescience/20070630/sc_livescience/brainscansrevealwhymeditationworks]  

* Wenner, Melinda. "Brain Scans Reveal Why Meditation Works." LiveScience.com. 30 June 2007. [https://news.yahoo.com/s/livescience/20070630/sc_livescience/brainscansrevealwhymeditationworks]  

* [http://www.esnips.com/web/JEEVAN-MRITUE/ Dying Mediataion technique in discource given in [[Hindi]] By [[Vivek ji]] ]

* [https://www.esnips.com/web/JEEVAN-MRITUE/ Dying Mediataion technique in discource given in [[Hindi]] By [[Vivek ji]] ]

* [http://www.fhu.com/meditation.html The "Be Still and Know" Meditation Technique]

* [https://www.fhu.com/meditation.html The "Be Still and Know" Meditation Technique]

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

==External Links==

==External Links==

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vefh5e05d7A Video on scientific research on the brain of [[Nithyananda]]]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vefh5e05d7A Video on scientific research on the brain of [[Nithyananda]]]

[[Category:Religion]]

[[Category:Religion]]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]