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[[Image:The-metaphor-of-the-palm-treelgr.jpg|right|frame|<center>[http://www.moleiro.com/miniatura.v.php?p=127/en Girona Beatus]</center>]]

[[Image:The-metaphor-of-the-palm-treelgr.jpg|right|frame|<center>[https://www.moleiro.com/miniatura.v.php?p=127/en Girona Beatus]</center>]]

 

 

'''Metaphor''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''μεταφορά'' - ''metaphora'', meaning "transfer") is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects. In the simplest case, this takes the form: "The ''[first subject]'' is a ''[second subject]''."  More generally, a metaphor is a [[rhetoric]]al [[Trope (linguistics)|trope]] that describes a first subject as ''being'' or ''equal to'' a second subject in some way. Thus, the first subject can be economically described because implicit and explicit attributes from the second subject are used to enhance the description of the first.  This device is known for usage in [[literature]], especially in [[poetry]], where with few words, emotions and associations from one context are associated with objects and entities in a different context.

'''Metaphor''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''μεταφορά'' - ''metaphora'', meaning "transfer") is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects. In the simplest case, this takes the form: "The ''[first subject]'' is a ''[second subject]''."  More generally, a metaphor is a [[rhetoric]]al [[Trope (linguistics)|trope]] that describes a first subject as ''being'' or ''equal to'' a second subject in some way. Thus, the first subject can be economically described because implicit and explicit attributes from the second subject are used to enhance the description of the first.  This device is known for usage in [[literature]], especially in [[poetry]], where with few words, emotions and associations from one context are associated with objects and entities in a different context.

A metaphor is generally considered to be more forceful and active than an [[analogy]] (metaphor asserts two topics are the same whereas analogy may acknowledge differences).  Other rhetorical devices involving comparison, such as [[metonym]], [[synecdoche]], [[simile]], [[allegory]] and [[parable]], share much in common with metaphor but are usually distinguished by  the manner in which the comparison between subjects is delivered.

A metaphor is generally considered to be more forceful and active than an [[analogy]] (metaphor asserts two topics are the same whereas analogy may acknowledge differences).  Other rhetorical devices involving comparison, such as [[metonym]], [[synecdoche]], [[simile]], [[allegory]] and [[parable]], share much in common with metaphor but are usually distinguished by  the manner in which the comparison between subjects is delivered.

Example : The strings of a guitar drive me into the pool of [[music]].

Example : The strings of a guitar drive me into the pool of [[music]].

==Structure==

==Structure==

The metaphor, according to [[I. A. Richards]] in ''The Philosophy of Rhetoric'' (1936), consists of two parts: the '''tenor''' and '''vehicle'''. The tenor is the subject to which attributes are ascribed. The vehicle is the subject from which the attributes are borrowed.  Other writers employ the general terms '''ground''' and '''figure''' to denote what Richards identifies as the tenor and vehicle.  Consider: [[All the world's a stage]]:-  

The metaphor, according to [[I. A. Richards]] in ''The Philosophy of Rhetoric'' (1936), consists of two parts: the '''tenor''' and '''vehicle'''. The tenor is the subject to which attributes are ascribed. The vehicle is the subject from which the attributes are borrowed.  Other writers employ the general terms '''ground''' and '''figure''' to denote what Richards identifies as the tenor and vehicle.  Consider: [[All the world's a stage]]:-  

==External links==

==External links==

*[http://zakros.ucsd.edu/~trohrer/metaphor/metaphor.htm Center for the Cognitive Science of Metaphor Online]

*[https://zakros.ucsd.edu/~trohrer/metaphor/metaphor.htm Center for the Cognitive Science of Metaphor Online]

*[http://knowgramming.com/metaphors/metaphor_chapters/examples.htm Metaphor Examples]

*[https://knowgramming.com/metaphors/metaphor_chapters/examples.htm Metaphor Examples]

*[http://tscp.open.ac.uk/t185/html/resources/r2history.htm ''A short history of metaphor'']

*[https://tscp.open.ac.uk/t185/html/resources/r2history.htm ''A short history of metaphor'']

*[http://www.americanrhetoric.com/figures/metaphor.htm Audio illustrations of metaphor as figure of speech]

*[https://www.americanrhetoric.com/figures/metaphor.htm Audio illustrations of metaphor as figure of speech]

*[http://somniloquy.org/archive/v2/poetry/statements.php?item=11 Introduction to Metaphor]

*[https://somniloquy.org/archive/v2/poetry/statements.php?item=11 Introduction to Metaphor]

*[http://metaphorobservatory.blogspot.com/2008/01/top-ten-metaphors-of-2007.html Top Ten Metaphors of 2007]

*[https://metaphorobservatory.blogspot.com/2008/01/top-ten-metaphors-of-2007.html Top Ten Metaphors of 2007]

*[http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/issues/v5/v5n1.html ''Critical Inquiry'' (Autumn 1978) Special Issue: On Metaphors]

*[https://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/issues/v5/v5n1.html ''Critical Inquiry'' (Autumn 1978) Special Issue: On Metaphors]

*"[http://afflatus.ucd.ie/aristotle/ Aristotle]"—a web-resource designed by Tony Veale and Yanfen Hao that uses a large database of similes harvested from the web to generate metaphors on demand for a given topic.

*"[https://afflatus.ucd.ie/aristotle/ Aristotle]"—a web-resource designed by Tony Veale and Yanfen Hao that uses a large database of similes harvested from the web to generate metaphors on demand for a given topic.

*"[http://afflatus.ucd.ie/sardonicus/tree.jsp Sardonicus]"—a web-resource that provides access to the similes, ironic and otherwise, that are harvested from the web for the Aristotle resource above.

*"[https://afflatus.ucd.ie/sardonicus/tree.jsp Sardonicus]"—a web-resource that provides access to the similes, ironic and otherwise, that are harvested from the web for the Aristotle resource above.

;Applications and examples

;Applications and examples

* [http://student.dei.uc.pt/~racosta/jmapper jMapper - Java Library for Analogy/Metaphor Generation]

* [https://student.dei.uc.pt/~racosta/jmapper jMapper - Java Library for Analogy/Metaphor Generation]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: Languages and Literature]]

[[Category: Languages and Literature]]