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[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]][[Image:Calabi-Yau.gif|right|frame]]
[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]][[Image:Calabi-Yau.gif|right|frame]]
In [[physics]], '''motion''' means a constant change in the location of a [[body]]. Change in motion is the result of applied [[force]]. Motion is typically described in terms of velocity, acceleration, displacement, and [[time]].[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html] An object's velocity cannot change unless it is acted upon by a [[force]], as described by Newton's first law. An object's [[momentum]] is directly related to the object's [[mass]] and [[velocity]], and the total momentum of all objects in a closed system (one not affected by external forces) does not change with time, as described by the [[law of conservation of momentum]].
In [[physics]], '''motion''' means a constant change in the location of a [[body]]. Change in motion is the result of applied [[force]]. Motion is typically described in terms of velocity, acceleration, displacement, and [[time]].[https://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html] An object's velocity cannot change unless it is acted upon by a [[force]], as described by Newton's first law. An object's [[momentum]] is directly related to the object's [[mass]] and [[velocity]], and the total momentum of all objects in a closed system (one not affected by external forces) does not change with time, as described by the [[law of conservation of momentum]].
A [[body]] which does not move is said to be ''at rest'', ''motionless'', ''immobile'', ''stationary'', or to have constant (time-invariant) position.
A [[body]] which does not move is said to be ''at rest'', ''motionless'', ''immobile'', ''stationary'', or to have constant (time-invariant) position.
Motion is always observed and measured [[relative]] to a [[frame of reference]]. As there is no absolute reference frame, ''absolute motion'' cannot be determined; this is emphasised by the term ''relative motion''.[http://www.colutron.com/download_files/chapt9.pdf]
Motion is always observed and measured [[relative]] to a [[frame of reference]]. As there is no absolute reference frame, ''absolute motion'' cannot be determined; this is emphasised by the term ''relative motion''.[https://www.colutron.com/download_files/chapt9.pdf]
A body which is motionless relative to a given reference frame, moves relative to infinitely many other frames. Thus, everything in the [[universe]] is moving.[http://www.nap.edu/html/oneuniverse/motion_20-21.html]
A body which is motionless relative to a given reference frame, moves relative to infinitely many other frames. Thus, everything in the [[universe]] is moving.[https://www.nap.edu/html/oneuniverse/motion_20-21.html]
<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Motion''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Motion '''''this link'''''].</center>
<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Motion''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Motion '''''this link'''''].</center>
==List of "imperceptible" human motions==
==List of "imperceptible" human motions==
[[Human]]s, like all [[things]] in the universe are in constant motion,[http://www.nap.edu/html/oneuniverse/motion_8-9.html] however, aside from obvious movements of the various external [[body]] parts and locomotion, humans are in motion in a variety of ways which are more difficult to [[perception|perceive]]. Many of these "imperceptible motions" are only perceivable with the help of special tools and careful observation. The larger scales of "imperceptible motions" are difficult for humans to perceive for two reasons: 1) Newton's laws of motion (particularly [[Inertia]]) which prevent humans from feeling motions of a [[mass]] to which they are connected, and 2) the lack of an obvious [[frame of reference]] which would allow [[individual]]s to easily see that they are moving.[http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae118.cfm]] The smaller scales of these motions are too small for [[human]]s to [[sense]].
[[Human]]s, like all [[things]] in the universe are in constant motion,[https://www.nap.edu/html/oneuniverse/motion_8-9.html] however, aside from obvious movements of the various external [[body]] parts and locomotion, humans are in motion in a variety of ways which are more difficult to [[perception|perceive]]. Many of these "imperceptible motions" are only perceivable with the help of special tools and careful observation. The larger scales of "imperceptible motions" are difficult for humans to perceive for two reasons: 1) Newton's laws of motion (particularly [[Inertia]]) which prevent humans from feeling motions of a [[mass]] to which they are connected, and 2) the lack of an obvious [[frame of reference]] which would allow [[individual]]s to easily see that they are moving.[https://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae118.cfm]] The smaller scales of these motions are too small for [[human]]s to [[sense]].
=== Universe ===
=== Universe ===
*[[Spacetime]] (the [[fabric]] of the [[universe]]) is actually expanding. Essentially, everything in the [[universe]] is stretching like a rubber band. This motion is the most obscure as it is not physical motion as such, but rather a change in the very [[nature]] of the universe. The primary source of verification of this expansion was provided by [[Edwin Hubble]] who demonstrated that all galaxies and distant astronomical objects were moving away from us (''"Hubble's law"'') as predicted by a universal expansion.[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1929PNAS...15..168H&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=42ca922c9c30954] [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/15/3/168 Full article], PDF]
*[[Spacetime]] (the [[fabric]] of the [[universe]]) is actually expanding. Essentially, everything in the [[universe]] is stretching like a rubber band. This motion is the most obscure as it is not physical motion as such, but rather a change in the very [[nature]] of the universe. The primary source of verification of this expansion was provided by [[Edwin Hubble]] who demonstrated that all galaxies and distant astronomical objects were moving away from us (''"Hubble's law"'') as predicted by a universal expansion.[https://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1929PNAS...15..168H&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=42ca922c9c30954] [https://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/15/3/168 Full article], PDF]
=== Galaxy ===
=== Galaxy ===
*The [[Milky Way]] Galaxy, is hurtling through [[space]] at an incredible [[speed]]. It is powered by the [[force]] left over from the [[Big Bang]]. Many astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 600 km/s relative to the observed locations of other nearby galaxies. Another reference frame is provided by the [[Cosmic microwave background]]. This frame of reference indicates that The Milky Way is moving at around 552 km/s.[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1993ApJ
*The [[Milky Way]] Galaxy, is hurtling through [[space]] at an incredible [[speed]]. It is powered by the [[force]] left over from the [[Big Bang]]. Many astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 600 km/s relative to the observed locations of other nearby galaxies. Another reference frame is provided by the [[Cosmic microwave background]]. This frame of reference indicates that The Milky Way is moving at around 552 km/s.[https://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1993ApJ
=== Solar System ===
=== Solar System ===
*The Milky Way is rotating around its dense galactic center, thus the [[solar system]] is moving in a circle within the [[galaxy]]'s [[gravity]]. Away from the central bulge or outer rim, the typical stellar [[velocity]] is between 210 and 240 km/s.[http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/123/lecture-2/mass.html]
*The Milky Way is rotating around its dense galactic center, thus the [[solar system]] is moving in a circle within the [[galaxy]]'s [[gravity]]. Away from the central bulge or outer rim, the typical stellar [[velocity]] is between 210 and 240 km/s.[https://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/123/lecture-2/mass.html]
=== Earth ===
=== Earth ===
*The Earth is rotating or spinning around its axis, this is evidenced by day and night, at the equator the earth has an eastward velocity of 0.4651 km/s (or 1040 mi/h).[http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970401c.html]
*The Earth is rotating or spinning around its axis, this is evidenced by day and night, at the equator the earth has an eastward velocity of 0.4651 km/s (or 1040 mi/h).[https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970401c.html]
*The Earth is orbiting around the [[Sun]] in an orbital revolution. A complete orbit around the sun takes one year or about 365 days; it averages a speed of about 30 km/s (or 67,000 mi/h).[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html]
*The Earth is orbiting around the [[Sun]] in an orbital revolution. A complete orbit around the sun takes one year or about 365 days; it averages a speed of about 30 km/s (or 67,000 mi/h).[https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html]
=== Continents ===
=== Continents ===
*The Theory of [[Plate tectonic]]s tells us that the [[continent]]s are drifting on convection currents within the mantle causing them to move across the surface of the [[planet]] at the slow speed of approximately 1 inch (2.54 cm) per year.[http://sideshow.jpl.nasa.gov/mbh/series.html]
*The Theory of [[Plate tectonic]]s tells us that the [[continent]]s are drifting on convection currents within the mantle causing them to move across the surface of the [[planet]] at the slow speed of approximately 1 inch (2.54 cm) per year.[https://sideshow.jpl.nasa.gov/mbh/series.html]
[http://hypertextbook.com/facts/ZhenHuang.shtml] However, the velocities of plates range widely. The fastest-moving plates are the oceanic plates, with the Cocos Plate advancing at a rate of 75mm/yr[http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/170_SR/chap_07/chap_07.htm]
[https://hypertextbook.com/facts/ZhenHuang.shtml] However, the velocities of plates range widely. The fastest-moving plates are the oceanic plates, with the Cocos Plate advancing at a rate of 75mm/yr[https://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/170_SR/chap_07/chap_07.htm]
(3.0 in/yr) and the Pacific Plate moving 52–69 mm/yr (2.1-2.7 in/yr). At the other extreme, the slowest-moving plate is the [[Eurasian Plate]], progressing at a typical rate of about 21mm/yr (0.8;in/yr).
(3.0 in/yr) and the Pacific Plate moving 52–69 mm/yr (2.1-2.7 in/yr). At the other extreme, the slowest-moving plate is the [[Eurasian Plate]], progressing at a typical rate of about 21mm/yr (0.8;in/yr).
=== Internal body ===
=== Internal body ===
*The [[human]] [[heart]] is constantly contracting to move blood throughout the [[body]]. Through larger veins and arteries in the body blood has been found to travel at approximately 0.33 m/s.[http://www.coheadquarters.com/PennLibr/MyPhysiology/lect5/xpen5.01.htm] Though considerable variation exists, and peak flows in the venae cavae have been found to range between 0.1 m/s and 0.45 m/s.[http://circres.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/circresaha;23/3/349]
*The [[human]] [[heart]] is constantly contracting to move blood throughout the [[body]]. Through larger veins and arteries in the body blood has been found to travel at approximately 0.33 m/s.[https://www.coheadquarters.com/PennLibr/MyPhysiology/lect5/xpen5.01.htm] Though considerable variation exists, and peak flows in the venae cavae have been found to range between 0.1 m/s and 0.45 m/s.[https://circres.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/circresaha;23/3/349]
*The smooth muscles of hollow internal [[organs]] are moving. The most familiar would be [[peristalsis]] which is where digested [[food]] is forced throughout the [[digestive tract]]. Though different foods travel through the body at rates, an average speed through the human [[small intestine]] is 2.16 m/h or 0.036 m/s.[http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/basics/transit.html]
*The smooth muscles of hollow internal [[organs]] are moving. The most familiar would be [[peristalsis]] which is where digested [[food]] is forced throughout the [[digestive tract]]. Though different foods travel through the body at rates, an average speed through the human [[small intestine]] is 2.16 m/h or 0.036 m/s.[https://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/basics/transit.html]
*Typically some [[sound]] is audible at any given moment, when the vibration of these sound waves reaches the [[ear drum]] it moves in response and allows the sense of hearing.
*Typically some [[sound]] is audible at any given moment, when the vibration of these sound waves reaches the [[ear drum]] it moves in response and allows the sense of hearing.
*The human [[lymphatic system]] is constantly moving excess fluids, lipids, and immune system related products around the body. The lymph fluid has been found to move through a lymph capillary of the [[skin]] at approximately 0.0000097 m/s.[http://ajpheart.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/270/1/H358]
*The human [[lymphatic system]] is constantly moving excess fluids, lipids, and immune system related products around the body. The lymph fluid has been found to move through a lymph capillary of the [[skin]] at approximately 0.0000097 m/s.[https://ajpheart.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/270/1/H358]
=== Cells ===
=== Cells ===
The cells of the [[human]] [[body]] have many [[structure]]s which move throughout them.
The cells of the [[human]] [[body]] have many [[structure]]s which move throughout them.
*[[Cytoplasmic streaming]] is a way which cells move molecular substances throughout the [[cytoplasm]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028448/cytoplasmic-streaming Cytoplasmic Streaming: Encyclopedia Britannica]</ref>
*[[Cytoplasmic streaming]] is a way which cells move molecular substances throughout the [[cytoplasm]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028448/cytoplasmic-streaming Cytoplasmic Streaming: Encyclopedia Britannica]</ref>
* Various [[motor proteins]] work as [[molecular motors]] within a cell and move along the surface of various cellulars substrate such as [[microtubule]]s. Motor proteins are typically powered by the [[hydrolysis]] of [[adenosine triphosphate]], (ATP), and convert chemical energy into mechanical work.[http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/kinesin.htm] [[Vesicles]] propelled by motor proteins have been found to have a velocity of approximately 0.00000152 m/s.[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002APS..SES.EA002H]
* Various [[motor proteins]] work as [[molecular motors]] within a cell and move along the surface of various cellulars substrate such as [[microtubule]]s. Motor proteins are typically powered by the [[hydrolysis]] of [[adenosine triphosphate]], (ATP), and convert chemical energy into mechanical work.[https://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/kinesin.htm] [[Vesicles]] propelled by motor proteins have been found to have a velocity of approximately 0.00000152 m/s.[https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002APS..SES.EA002H]
=== Particles ===
=== Particles ===
*According to the [[laws of thermodynamics]] all [[particle]]s of [[matter]] are in constant random motion as long as the [[temperature]] is above [[absolute zero]]. Thus the [[molecule]]s and [[atom]]s which make you up are vibrating, colliding, and moving. This motion can be detected as temperature; high temperatures (which represent greater [[kinetic energy]] in the particles) feel warmer to humans, whereas lower temperatures feel colder.[http://www.colorado.edu/UCB/AcademicAffairs/ArtsSciences/physics/PhysicsInitiative/Physics2000/bec/temperature.html]]
*According to the [[laws of thermodynamics]] all [[particle]]s of [[matter]] are in constant random motion as long as the [[temperature]] is above [[absolute zero]]. Thus the [[molecule]]s and [[atom]]s which make you up are vibrating, colliding, and moving. This motion can be detected as temperature; high temperatures (which represent greater [[kinetic energy]] in the particles) feel warmer to humans, whereas lower temperatures feel colder.[https://www.colorado.edu/UCB/AcademicAffairs/ArtsSciences/physics/PhysicsInitiative/Physics2000/bec/temperature.html]]
=== Subatomic particles ===
=== Subatomic particles ===
*Within each atom the [[electron]]s are speeding around the nucleus so fast that they are not actually in one location, but rather smeared across a region of the [[electron cloud]]. Electrons have a high [[velocity]], and the larger the nucleus they are orbiting the faster they move. In a hydrogen atom, electrons have been calculated to be orbiting at a speed of approximately 2,420,000 m/s[http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/newton/askasci/1993/physics/PHY112.HTM]
*Within each atom the [[electron]]s are speeding around the nucleus so fast that they are not actually in one location, but rather smeared across a region of the [[electron cloud]]. Electrons have a high [[velocity]], and the larger the nucleus they are orbiting the faster they move. In a hydrogen atom, electrons have been calculated to be orbiting at a speed of approximately 2,420,000 m/s[https://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/newton/askasci/1993/physics/PHY112.HTM]
* Inside the [[atomic nucleus]] the [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s are also probably moving around due the electrical repulsion of the protons and the presence of [[angular momentum]] of both particles.[http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/teachersguide/pdf/Chap02.pdf]
* Inside the [[atomic nucleus]] the [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s are also probably moving around due the electrical repulsion of the protons and the presence of [[angular momentum]] of both particles.[https://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/teachersguide/pdf/Chap02.pdf]
== Light ==
== Light ==
# Safkan, Y. 2007 "f the term 'absolute motion' has no meaning, then why do we say that the earth moves around the sun and not vice versa?" Ask the Experts. PhysicsLink
# Safkan, Y. 2007 "f the term 'absolute motion' has no meaning, then why do we say that the earth moves around the sun and not vice versa?" Ask the Experts. PhysicsLink
# Hubble, Edwin, "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae" (1929) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 168-173 (Full article, PDF)
# Hubble, Edwin, "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae" (1929) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 168-173 (Full article, PDF)
# Kogut, A.; Lineweaver, C.; Smoot, G. F.; Bennett, C. L.; Banday, A.; Boggess, N. W.; Cheng, E. S.; de Amici, G.; Fixsen, D. J.; Hinshaw, G.; Jackson, P. D.; Janssen, M.; Keegstra, P.; Loewenstein, K.; Lubin, P.; Mather, J. C.; Tenorio, L.; Weiss, R.; Wilkinson, D. T.; Wright, E. L. (1993). "Dipole Anisotropy in the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometers First-Year Sky Maps". Astrophysical Journal 419: 1. doi:10.1086/173453. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1993ApJ...419....1K. Retrieved on 2007-05-10.
# Kogut, A.; Lineweaver, C.; Smoot, G. F.; Bennett, C. L.; Banday, A.; Boggess, N. W.; Cheng, E. S.; de Amici, G.; Fixsen, D. J.; Hinshaw, G.; Jackson, P. D.; Janssen, M.; Keegstra, P.; Loewenstein, K.; Lubin, P.; Mather, J. C.; Tenorio, L.; Weiss, R.; Wilkinson, D. T.; Wright, E. L. (1993). "Dipole Anisotropy in the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometers First-Year Sky Maps". Astrophysical Journal 419: 1. doi:10.1086/173453. https://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1993ApJ...419....1K. Retrieved on 2007-05-10.
# Imamura, Jim (August 10, 2006). "Mass of the Milky Way Galaxy". University of Oregon. http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/123/lecture-2/mass.html. Retrieved on 2007-05-10.
# Imamura, Jim (August 10, 2006). "Mass of the Milky Way Galaxy". University of Oregon. https://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/123/lecture-2/mass.html. Retrieved on 2007-05-10.
# Ask and Astrophysicist. NASA Goodard Space Flight Center.
# Ask and Astrophysicist. NASA Goodard Space Flight Center.
# Williams, David R. (September 1, 2004). "Earth Fact Sheet". NASA. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
# Williams, David R. (September 1, 2004). "Earth Fact Sheet". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
# Staff. "GPS Time Series". NASA JPL. http://sideshow.jpl.nasa.gov/mbh/series.html. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
# Staff. "GPS Time Series". NASA JPL. https://sideshow.jpl.nasa.gov/mbh/series.html. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
# Huang, Zhen Shao. "Speed of the Continental Plates". The Physics Factbook. http://hypertextbook.com/facts/ZhenHuang.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-11-09.
# Huang, Zhen Shao. "Speed of the Continental Plates". The Physics Factbook. https://hypertextbook.com/facts/ZhenHuang.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-11-09.
# Meschede, M.; Udo Barckhausen, U. (November 20, 2000). "Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Center". Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Texas A&M University. http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/170_SR/chap_07/chap_07.htm. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
# Meschede, M.; Udo Barckhausen, U. (November 20, 2000). "Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Center". Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Texas A&M University. https://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/170_SR/chap_07/chap_07.htm. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
# Penny, P. 2003. Hemodynamic: Blood Velocity
# Penny, P. 2003. Hemodynamic: Blood Velocity
# LEWIS WEXLER, DEREK H. BERGEL, IVOR T. GABE, GEOFFREY S. MAKIN, & CHRISTOPHER J. MILLS (1968). "Velocity of Blood Flow in Normal Human Venae Cavae". Circulation Research. 23: 349. PMID 5676450. http://circres.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/circresaha;23/3/349. Retrieved on 2007-11-14.
# LEWIS WEXLER, DEREK H. BERGEL, IVOR T. GABE, GEOFFREY S. MAKIN, & CHRISTOPHER J. MILLS (1968). "Velocity of Blood Flow in Normal Human Venae Cavae". Circulation Research. 23: 349. PMID 5676450. https://circres.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/circresaha;23/3/349. Retrieved on 2007-11-14.
# Bowen, R. 2006. Gastrointestinal Transit: How Long Does It Take? Colorado State University.
# Bowen, R. 2006. Gastrointestinal Transit: How Long Does It Take? Colorado State University.
# M. Fischer, U. K. Franzeck, I. Herrig, U. Costanzo, S. Wen, M. Schiesser, U. Hoffmann and A. Bollinger (1996). "Flow velocity of single lymphatic capillaries in human skin". Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiology 270: H358–H363. PMID 8769772. http://ajpheart.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/270/1/H358. Retrieved on 2007-11-14.
# M. Fischer, U. K. Franzeck, I. Herrig, U. Costanzo, S. Wen, M. Schiesser, U. Hoffmann and A. Bollinger (1996). "Flow velocity of single lymphatic capillaries in human skin". Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiology 270: H358–H363. PMID 8769772. https://ajpheart.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/270/1/H358. Retrieved on 2007-11-14.
# Cytoplasmic Streaming: Encyclopedia Britannica
# Cytoplasmic Streaming: Encyclopedia Britannica
# Microtubule Motors: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
# Microtubule Motors: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
# Hill, David; Holzwarth, George; Bonin, Keith (2002). "Velocity and Drag Forces on motor-protein-driven Vesicles in Cells". American Physical Society, The 69th Annual Meeting of the Southeastern abstract #EA.002. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002APS..SES.EA002H. Retrieved on 2007-11-14.
# Hill, David; Holzwarth, George; Bonin, Keith (2002). "Velocity and Drag Forces on motor-protein-driven Vesicles in Cells". American Physical Society, The 69th Annual Meeting of the Southeastern abstract #EA.002. https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002APS..SES.EA002H. Retrieved on 2007-11-14.
# Temperature and BEC. Physics 2000: Colorado State University Physics Department
# Temperature and BEC. Physics 2000: Colorado State University Physics Department
# Ask a scientist archive. Argonne National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy
# Ask a scientist archive. Argonne National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy
