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Created page with 'File:lighterstill.jpg '''Motivation''' is the activation or energization of goal-oriented behavior. Motivation may be internal or external. The term is generally used fo...'
[[File:lighterstill.jpg]]
'''Motivation''' is the activation or energization of goal-oriented [[behavior]]. Motivation may be internal or external. The term is generally used for [[humans]] but, theoretically, it can also be used to describe the causes for [[animal]] behavior as well. This article refers to human motivation. According to various theories, motivation may be rooted in the basic [[need]] to minimize [[physical]] [[pain]] and maximize [[pleasure]], or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, hobby, goal, [[state]] of [[being]], [[ideal]], or it may be attributed to less-apparent [[reason]]s such as altruism, [[morality]], or avoiding [[Death|mortality]].
==Motivation concepts==
===Intrinsic motivation===
Intrinsic motivation comes from rewards inherent to a task or activity itself - the enjoyment of a puzzle or the [[love]] of [[play]]ing.[1] This form of motivation has been studied by social and [[education]]al [[psychologists]] since the early 1970s. [[Research]] has found that it is usually associated with high educational achievement and enjoyment by students. Intrinsic motivation has been explained by Fritz Heider's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribution_theory attribution theory], Bandura's work on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-efficacy self-efficacy] [2], and Ryan and Deci's cognitive evaluation theory. Students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if they:
*attribute their educational results to internal factors that they can control (e.g. the amount of effort they put in),
*believe they can be effective agents in reaching desired goals (i.e. the results are not determined by luck),
*are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to achieve good grades.
===Extrinsic motivation===
Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the performer. [[Money]] is the most obvious example, but [[coercion]] and threat of [[punishment]] are also common extrinsic motivations.
In sports, the crowd may cheer on the [[performer]], which may motivate him or her to do well. Trophies are also extrinsic incentives. Competition is in general extrinsic because it encourages the performer to win and beat others, not to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity.
Social [[psychological]] [[research]] has indicated that extrinsic rewards can lead to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overjustification_effect overjustification] and a subsequent reduction in intrinsic motivation.
Extrinsic incentives sometimes can weaken the motivation as well. In one [[classic]] study done by Green & Lepper, children who were lavishly rewarded for drawing with felt-tip pens later showed little interest in playing with the pens again.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation]
==Further reading==
*Baumeister, R. F.; Vohs, K. D. (2004), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications, New York: Guilford Press, pp. 574, ISBN 1572309911
*Carver, C. S.; Scheier, M. F. (2001), On the self-regulation of behavior, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 460, ISBN 0521000998
*Cervone, D.; Shadel, W. G.; Smith, Ronald E.; Fiori, Marina (2006), "Self-Regulation: Reminders and Suggestions from Personality Science", Applied Psychology: An International Review 55 (3): 333-385, doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00261.x
*Fishbein, M.; Ajzen, I. (1975), Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
*Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999), "Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans", American Psychologist 54: 493-503
==External links==
*[http://www.markamoment.com MOTIVATIONAL AND INSPIRATIONAL POSTERS]
*[http://education.calumet.purdue.edu/vockell/EdPsyBook/Edpsy5/Edpsy5_intrinsic.htm Factors of intrinsic motivation]: Brief introduction to intrinsic movitation and factors that influence intrinsic motivation.
*[http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/inmotiv.htm There is no intrinsic motivation]: An article arguing that no intrinsic motivation exists.
*[http://absolutely-everything.com/Articles.html Home Based Business and Motivation]: Article about pro's and con's of Motivation in Home Based Business.
* [http://eng.altrc.ru/?p=libr_card_eng&item_id=806&group_id=51 Why apples are falling down, or inner demotivation of employees Tatiana Andreeva, Evgeniy Yurtaykin, ALT research and consulting company TopManager magazine, #22/2002]
[[Category: Psychology]]
'''Motivation''' is the activation or energization of goal-oriented [[behavior]]. Motivation may be internal or external. The term is generally used for [[humans]] but, theoretically, it can also be used to describe the causes for [[animal]] behavior as well. This article refers to human motivation. According to various theories, motivation may be rooted in the basic [[need]] to minimize [[physical]] [[pain]] and maximize [[pleasure]], or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, hobby, goal, [[state]] of [[being]], [[ideal]], or it may be attributed to less-apparent [[reason]]s such as altruism, [[morality]], or avoiding [[Death|mortality]].
==Motivation concepts==
===Intrinsic motivation===
Intrinsic motivation comes from rewards inherent to a task or activity itself - the enjoyment of a puzzle or the [[love]] of [[play]]ing.[1] This form of motivation has been studied by social and [[education]]al [[psychologists]] since the early 1970s. [[Research]] has found that it is usually associated with high educational achievement and enjoyment by students. Intrinsic motivation has been explained by Fritz Heider's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribution_theory attribution theory], Bandura's work on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-efficacy self-efficacy] [2], and Ryan and Deci's cognitive evaluation theory. Students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if they:
*attribute their educational results to internal factors that they can control (e.g. the amount of effort they put in),
*believe they can be effective agents in reaching desired goals (i.e. the results are not determined by luck),
*are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to achieve good grades.
===Extrinsic motivation===
Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the performer. [[Money]] is the most obvious example, but [[coercion]] and threat of [[punishment]] are also common extrinsic motivations.
In sports, the crowd may cheer on the [[performer]], which may motivate him or her to do well. Trophies are also extrinsic incentives. Competition is in general extrinsic because it encourages the performer to win and beat others, not to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity.
Social [[psychological]] [[research]] has indicated that extrinsic rewards can lead to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overjustification_effect overjustification] and a subsequent reduction in intrinsic motivation.
Extrinsic incentives sometimes can weaken the motivation as well. In one [[classic]] study done by Green & Lepper, children who were lavishly rewarded for drawing with felt-tip pens later showed little interest in playing with the pens again.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation]
==Further reading==
*Baumeister, R. F.; Vohs, K. D. (2004), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications, New York: Guilford Press, pp. 574, ISBN 1572309911
*Carver, C. S.; Scheier, M. F. (2001), On the self-regulation of behavior, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 460, ISBN 0521000998
*Cervone, D.; Shadel, W. G.; Smith, Ronald E.; Fiori, Marina (2006), "Self-Regulation: Reminders and Suggestions from Personality Science", Applied Psychology: An International Review 55 (3): 333-385, doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00261.x
*Fishbein, M.; Ajzen, I. (1975), Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
*Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999), "Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans", American Psychologist 54: 493-503
==External links==
*[http://www.markamoment.com MOTIVATIONAL AND INSPIRATIONAL POSTERS]
*[http://education.calumet.purdue.edu/vockell/EdPsyBook/Edpsy5/Edpsy5_intrinsic.htm Factors of intrinsic motivation]: Brief introduction to intrinsic movitation and factors that influence intrinsic motivation.
*[http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/inmotiv.htm There is no intrinsic motivation]: An article arguing that no intrinsic motivation exists.
*[http://absolutely-everything.com/Articles.html Home Based Business and Motivation]: Article about pro's and con's of Motivation in Home Based Business.
* [http://eng.altrc.ru/?p=libr_card_eng&item_id=806&group_id=51 Why apples are falling down, or inner demotivation of employees Tatiana Andreeva, Evgeniy Yurtaykin, ALT research and consulting company TopManager magazine, #22/2002]
[[Category: Psychology]]