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Line 2: − + − + − + + + + + − Several versions of this [[myth]] have survived from [[ancient]] sources. The classic version is by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid Ovid], found in book 3 of his [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses_(poem) ''Metamorphoses''] (completed 8 AD). This the story of Narcissus and [[Echo]]. An earlier version ascribed to the poet Parthenius of Nicaea, composed around 50 BC, was recently rediscovered among the Oxyrhynchus papyri at Oxford.[2] Unlike Ovid's version, this one ends with Narcissus committing [[suicide]]. A version by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conon_(mythographer) Conon], a contemporary of Ovid, also ends in suicide (Narrations, 24). A century later the travel writer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer) Pausanias] recorded a novel variant of the story, in which Narcissus falls in [[love]] with his twin sister rather than himself (''Guide to Greece'', 9.31.7) − + − + − + − +
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==Origin==
==Origin==
German ''Narzissismus'', from ''Narziss'' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_%28mythology%29 Narcissus], from ''Latin'' ''Narcissus''
German ''Narzissismus'', from ''Narziss'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_%28mythology%29 Narcissus], from ''Latin'' ''Narcissus''
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century 1822]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century 1822]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_%28mythology%29 Narcissus] or Narkissos (Greek: Νάρκισσος), possibly derived from ναρκη (narke) meaning "[[sleep]], numbness," in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology Greek mythology] was a hunter from the territory of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thespiae Thespiae] in Boeotia who was renowned for his [[beauty]]. He was exceptionally [[proud]], in that he disdained those who loved him. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesis_(mythology) Nemesis] saw this and attracted Narcissus to a pool where he saw his own [[reflection]] in the [[waters]] and fell in [[love]] with it, not realizing it was merely an [[image]]. Unable to leave the beauty of his [[reflection]], Narcissus died.
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_%28mythology%29 Narcissus] or Narkissos (Greek: Νάρκισσος), possibly derived from ναρκη (narke) meaning "[[sleep]], numbness," in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology Greek mythology] was a hunter from the territory of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thespiae Thespiae] in Boeotia who was renowned for his [[beauty]]. He was exceptionally [[proud]], in that he disdained those who loved him. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesis_(mythology) Nemesis] saw this and attracted Narcissus to a pool where he saw his own [[reflection]] in the [[waters]] and fell in [[love]] with it, not realizing it was merely an [[image]]. Unable to leave the beauty of his [[reflection]], Narcissus died.
Several versions of this [[myth]] have survived from [[ancient]] sources. The classic version is by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid Ovid], found in book 3 of his [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses_(poem) ''Metamorphoses''] (completed 8 AD). This the story of Narcissus and [[Echo]]. An earlier version ascribed to the poet Parthenius of Nicaea, composed around 50 BC, was recently rediscovered among the Oxyrhynchus papyri at Oxford.[2] Unlike Ovid's version, this one ends with Narcissus committing [[suicide]]. A version by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conon_(mythographer) Conon], a contemporary of Ovid, also ends in suicide (Narrations, 24). A century later the travel writer [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer) Pausanias] recorded a novel variant of the story, in which Narcissus falls in [[love]] with his twin sister rather than himself (''Guide to Greece'', 9.31.7)
<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Narcissism''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Narcissism '''''this link'''''].</center>
==Definitions==
==Definitions==
*1: [[egoism]], egocentrism
*1: [[egoism]], egocentrism
*2: [[love]] of or [[sexual]] [[desire]] for one's own [[body]]
*2: [[love]] of or [[sexual]] [[desire]] for one's own [[body]]
==Description==
==Description==
'''Narcissism''' is a term with a wide range of [[meanings]], depending on whether it is used to [[describe]] a central concept of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory psychoanalytic theory], a mental illness, a social or [[cultural]] [[problem]], or simply a [[personality]] [[trait]]. Except in the sense of primary narcissism or [[healthy]] self-love, "narcissism" usually is used to [[describe]] some kind of problem in a person or group's [[relationships]] with [[self]] and others. In everyday [[speech]], "narcissism" often means inflated self-importance, [[egotism]], [[vanity]], conceit, or simple [[selfishness]]. Applied to a [[social]] group, it is sometimes used to denote [[elitism]] or an indifference to the plight of others. In [[psychology]], the term is used to describe both [[normal]] self-love and unhealthy self-absorption due to a disturbance in the sense of [[self]].
'''Narcissism''' is a term with a wide range of [[meanings]], depending on whether it is used to [[describe]] a central concept of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory psychoanalytic theory], a mental illness, a social or [[cultural]] [[problem]], or simply a [[personality]] [[trait]]. Except in the sense of primary narcissism or [[healthy]] self-love, "narcissism" usually is used to [[describe]] some kind of problem in a person or group's [[relationships]] with [[self]] and others. In everyday [[speech]], "narcissism" often means inflated self-importance, [[egotism]], [[vanity]], conceit, or simple [[selfishness]]. Applied to a [[social]] group, it is sometimes used to denote [[elitism]] or an indifference to the plight of others. In [[psychology]], the term is used to describe both [[normal]] self-love and unhealthy self-absorption due to a disturbance in the sense of [[self]].
The term "narcissism" was introduced in 1887 by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Binet Alfred Binet] but its usage today stems from [[Freud]]'s 1914 essay, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Narcissism ''On Narcissism''. In Greek myth, Narcissus was a [[beautiful]] young man who rejected all [[potential]] lovers, but then tragically fell in love with his own [[reflection]] in a pool. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelock_Ellis Havelock Ellis] wrote in 1898 of "Narcissus-like" self-absorption, and in 1899 [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_N%C3%A4cke Paul Näcke] used "narcissism" to [[describe]] men who were sexually [[excited]] by their own bodies rather than someone else's. In "On Narcissism," [[Freud]] expanded the term "narcissism" to [[explain]] the [[difference]] between being pathologically self-absorbed and having an ordinary interest in oneself.
The term "narcissism" was introduced in 1887 by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Binet Alfred Binet] but its usage today stems from [[Freud]]'s 1914 essay, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Narcissism ''On Narcissism''. In Greek myth, Narcissus was a [[beautiful]] young man who rejected all [[potential]] lovers, but then tragically fell in love with his own [[reflection]] in a pool. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelock_Ellis Havelock Ellis] wrote in 1898 of "Narcissus-like" self-absorption, and in 1899 [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_N%C3%A4cke Paul Näcke] used "narcissism" to [[describe]] men who were sexually [[excited]] by their own bodies rather than someone else's. In "On Narcissism," [[Freud]] expanded the term "narcissism" to [[explain]] the [[difference]] between being pathologically self-absorbed and having an ordinary interest in oneself.
In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Narcissism ''On Narcissism''], Freud argued that primary narcissism is a [[natural]] and [[necessary]] investment of one's sexual energy in oneself, a sexual version of ordinary self-interest, whereas [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_narcissism secondary narcissism] is a defensive [[reaction]] of withdrawing one's sexual interest from other people and focusing it exclusively on oneself. To [[illustrate]] the difference, [[Freud]] compared secondary narcissism to the self-absorption of a [[person]] in [[pain]]:
In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Narcissism ''On Narcissism''], Freud argued that primary narcissism is a [[natural]] and [[necessary]] investment of one's sexual energy in oneself, a sexual version of ordinary self-interest, whereas [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_narcissism secondary narcissism] is a defensive [[reaction]] of withdrawing one's sexual interest from other people and focusing it exclusively on oneself. To [[illustrate]] the difference, [[Freud]] compared secondary narcissism to the self-absorption of a [[person]] in [[pain]]:
<blockquote>"It is universally known, and we take it as a matter of course, that a person who is tormented by organic pain and discomfort gives up his interest in the things of the external world, in so far as they do not concern his suffering. Closer observation teaches us that he also withdraws libidinal interest from his love-objects: so long as he suffers, he ceases to love."</blockquote>
<blockquote>"It is universally known, and we take it as a matter of course, that a person who is tormented by organic pain and discomfort gives up his interest in the things of the external world, in so far as they do not concern his suffering. Closer observation teaches us that he also withdraws libidinal interest from his love-objects: so long as he suffers, he ceases to love."</blockquote>
Today, in [[psychology]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder narcissistic personality disorder] is a mental illness characterized by a lack of [[empathy]], a willingness to [[exploit]] others, and an inflated sense of self-importance. In popular [[discourse]], "narcissism" is a widely-used term for a range of [[selfish]] behaviors. Cultural critics including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lasch Christopher Lasch] have applied the term "narcissism" more generally to contemporary American culture. Some experts believe a disproportionate number of pathological narcissists are at work in the most influential reaches of [[society]], such as [[medicine]], [[finance]], and [[politics]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissism]
Today, in [[psychology]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder narcissistic personality disorder] is a mental illness characterized by a lack of [[empathy]], a willingness to [[exploit]] others, and an inflated sense of self-importance. In popular [[discourse]], "narcissism" is a widely-used term for a range of [[selfish]] behaviors. Cultural critics including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lasch Christopher Lasch] have applied the term "narcissism" more generally to contemporary American culture. Some experts believe a disproportionate number of pathological narcissists are at work in the most influential reaches of [[society]], such as [[medicine]], [[finance]], and [[politics]].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissism]
[[Category: Psychology]]
[[Category: Psychology]]
[[Category: Sociology]]
[[Category: Sociology]]
[[Category: Languages and Literature]]
[[Category: Languages and Literature]]
