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Paper 62 - The Dawn Races of Early Man (view source)
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==PAPER 62: THE DAWN RACES OF EARLY MAN==
==PAPER 62: THE DAWN RACES OF EARLY MAN==
62:0.1 About one million years ago the immediate [[ancestors]] of [[mankind]] made their [[appearance]] by three [[successive]] and sudden [[mutations]] stemming from early stock of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur lemur] type of [[placental]] [[mammal]]. The [[dominant]] [[factors]] of these early lemurs were derived from the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_58#58:4._THE_LIFE-DAWN_ERA western or later American group] of the evolving [[life plasm]]. But before [[establishing]] the direct line of [[human]] [[ancestry]], this strain was reinforced by [[contributions]] from the central life implantation evolved in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Paleohistory Africa]. The eastern life group contributed little or nothing to the [[actual]] production of the [[human]] [[species]].
62:0.1 About one million years ago the immediate [[ancestors]] of [[mankind]] made their [[appearance]] by three [[successive]] and sudden [[mutations]] stemming from early stock of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur lemur] type of [[placental]] [[mammal]]. The [[dominant]] [[factors]] of these early lemurs were derived from the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_58#58:4._THE_LIFE-DAWN_ERA western or later American group] of the evolving [[life plasm]]. But before [[establishing]] the direct line of [[human]] [[ancestry]], this strain was reinforced by [[contributions]] from the central life implantation evolved in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Paleohistory Africa]. The eastern life group contributed little or nothing to the [[actual]] production of the [[human]] [[species]].
==62:1. THE EARLY LEMUR TYPES==
==62:1. THE EARLY LEMUR TYPES==
62:1.1 The early [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur lemurs] concerned in the [[ancestry]] of the [[human]] [[species]] were not directly related to the pre-existent tribes of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon gibbons] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apes apes] then living in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia Eurasia] and northern Africa, whose [[progeny]] have [[survived]] to the present time. Neither were they the offspring of the modern type of lemur, though springing from an [[ancestor]] common to both but long since [[extinct]].
62:1.1 The early [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur lemurs] concerned in the [[ancestry]] of the [[human]] [[species]] were not directly related to the pre-existent tribes of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon gibbons] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apes apes] then living in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia Eurasia] and northern Africa, whose [[progeny]] have [[survived]] to the present time. Neither were they the offspring of the modern type of lemur, though springing from an [[ancestor]] common to both but long since [[extinct]].
62:1.2 While these early [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemurs lemurs] evolved in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_hemisphere Western Hemisphere], the [[establishment]] of the direct [[mammalian]] [[ancestry]] of [[mankind]] took place in southwestern [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia#Early_history Asia], in the [[original]] area of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_58_-_Life_Establishment_on_Urantia#58:4._THE_LIFE-DAWN_ERA central life implantation] but on the borders of the eastern regions. Several million years ago the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North American] type [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemurs#Distribution_and_diversity lemurs] had migrated westward over the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Land_Bridge Bering land bridge] and had slowly made their way southwestward along the Asiatic coast. These [[migrating]] tribes finally reached the salubrious region lying between the then expanded [[Mediterranean]] Sea and the elevating mountainous regions of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India Indian] peninsula. In these lands to the west of India they united with other and favorable strains, thus [[establishing]] the [[ancestry]] of the [[human]] [[race]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_race#Evolution]
62:1.2 While these early [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemurs lemurs] evolved in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_hemisphere Western Hemisphere], the [[establishment]] of the direct [[mammalian]] [[ancestry]] of [[mankind]] took place in southwestern [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia#Early_history Asia], in the [[original]] area of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_58_-_Life_Establishment_on_Urantia#58:4._THE_LIFE-DAWN_ERA central life implantation] but on the borders of the eastern regions. Several million years ago the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North American] type [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemurs#Distribution_and_diversity lemurs] had migrated westward over the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Land_Bridge Bering land bridge] and had slowly made their way southwestward along the Asiatic coast. These [[migrating]] tribes finally reached the salubrious region lying between the then expanded [[Mediterranean]] Sea and the elevating mountainous regions of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India Indian] peninsula. In these lands to the west of India they united with other and favorable strains, thus [[establishing]] the [[ancestry]] of the [[human]] [[race]].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_race#Evolution]
62:1.3 With the passing of [[time]] the seacoast of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Geography India] southwest of the mountains gradually submerged, completely isolating the life of this region. There was no avenue of approach to, or escape from, this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia Mesopotamian] or Persian peninsula except to the north, and that was repeatedly cut off by the southern invasions of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age glaciers]. And it was in this then almost paradisiacal area, and from the superior descendants of this lemur type of [[mammal]], that there sprang [[two]] great [[groups]], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian simian] tribes of modern times and the present-day [[human]] [[species]].
62:1.3 With the passing of [[time]] the seacoast of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Geography India] southwest of the mountains gradually submerged, completely isolating the life of this region. There was no avenue of approach to, or escape from, this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia Mesopotamian] or Persian peninsula except to the north, and that was repeatedly cut off by the southern invasions of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age glaciers]. And it was in this then almost paradisiacal area, and from the superior descendants of this lemur type of [[mammal]], that there sprang [[two]] great [[groups]], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian simian] tribes of modern times and the present-day [[human]] [[species]].
==62:2. THE DAWN MAMMALS==
==62:2. THE DAWN MAMMALS==
62:2.1 A little more than one million years ago the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia Mesopotamian] dawn [[mammals]], the direct descendants of the North American lemur type of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_mammals placental mammal], suddenly appeared. They were [[active]] little [[creatures]], almost three feet tall; and while they did not habitually walk on their hind legs, they could easily stand erect. They were hairy and [[agile]] and chattered in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey monkeylike] fashion, but unlike the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian simian] tribes, they were [[flesh eaters]]. They had a [[primitive]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposable_thumb opposable thumb] as well as a highly useful grasping big toe. From this point onward the prehuman species successively [[developed]] the opposable thumb while they [[progressively]] lost the grasping power of the great toe. The later [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apes ape] tribes retained the grasping big toe but never developed the [[human]] type of thumb.
62:2.1 A little more than one million years ago the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia Mesopotamian] dawn [[mammals]], the direct descendants of the North American lemur type of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_mammals placental mammal], suddenly appeared. They were [[active]] little [[creatures]], almost three feet tall; and while they did not habitually walk on their hind legs, they could easily stand erect. They were hairy and [[agile]] and chattered in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey monkeylike] fashion, but unlike the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian simian] tribes, they were [[flesh eaters]]. They had a [[primitive]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposable_thumb opposable thumb] as well as a highly useful grasping big toe. From this point onward the prehuman species successively [[developed]] the opposable thumb while they [[progressively]] lost the grasping power of the great toe. The later [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apes ape] tribes retained the grasping big toe but never developed the [[human]] type of thumb.
62:2.2 These dawn [[mammals]] [[attained]] [[Maturity|full growth]] when three or four years of age, having a [[potential]] life span, on the [[average]], of about twenty years. As a rule [[offspring]] were born singly, although twins were occasional.
62:2.2 These dawn [[mammals]] [[attained]] [[Maturity|full growth]] when three or four years of age, having a [[potential]] life span, on the [[average]], of about twenty years. As a rule [[offspring]] were born singly, although twins were occasional.
62:2.3 The members of this new [[species]] had the largest [[brains]] for their size of any [[animal]] that had theretofore existed on [[earth]]. They [[experienced]] many of the [[emotions]] and shared numerous [[instincts]] which later characterized [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive man],[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic#Human_evolution] being highly [[curious]] and exhibiting considerable [[Joy|elation]] when successful at any undertaking. [[Food]] hunger and [[sex]] craving were well [[developed]], and a definite sex selection was [[manifested]] in a crude form of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtship courtship] and [[choice]] of [[Reproduction|mates]]. They would fight fiercely in [[defense]] of their kindred and were quite tender in [[family]] associations, possessing a sense of self-abasement bordering on [[shame]] and remorse. They were very [[affectionate]] and [[Touch|touchingly]] [[loyal]] to their [[mates]], but if circumstances separated them, they would choose new [[partners]].
62:2.3 The members of this new [[species]] had the largest [[brains]] for their size of any [[animal]] that had theretofore existed on [[earth]]. They [[experienced]] many of the [[emotions]] and shared numerous [[instincts]] which later characterized [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive man],[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic#Human_evolution] being highly [[curious]] and exhibiting considerable [[Joy|elation]] when successful at any undertaking. [[Food]] hunger and [[sex]] craving were well [[developed]], and a definite sex selection was [[manifested]] in a crude form of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtship courtship] and [[choice]] of [[Reproduction|mates]]. They would fight fiercely in [[defense]] of their kindred and were quite tender in [[family]] associations, possessing a sense of self-abasement bordering on [[shame]] and remorse. They were very [[affectionate]] and [[Touch|touchingly]] [[loyal]] to their [[mates]], but if circumstances separated them, they would choose new [[partners]].
62:2.4 Being small of stature and having keen [[minds]] to [[realize]] the dangers of their forest [[habitat]], they [[developed]] an extraordinary [[fear]] which led to those [[wise]] precautionary measures that so enormously [[contributed]] to [[survival]], such as their construction of crude [[shelters]] in the high treetops which eliminated many of the perils of ground life. The beginning of the [[fear]] [[tendencies]] of [[mankind]] more specifically dates from these days.
62:2.4 Being small of stature and having keen [[minds]] to [[realize]] the dangers of their forest [[habitat]], they [[developed]] an extraordinary [[fear]] which led to those [[wise]] precautionary measures that so enormously [[contributed]] to [[survival]], such as their construction of crude [[shelters]] in the high treetops which eliminated many of the perils of ground life. The beginning of the [[fear]] [[tendencies]] of [[mankind]] more specifically dates from these days.
62:2.5 These dawn [[mammals]] [[developed]] more of a [[Tribe|tribal]] spirit than had ever been previously exhibited. They were, indeed, highly [[gregarious]] but nevertheless exceedingly pugnacious when in any way disturbed in the ordinary pursuit of their [[routine]] life, and they displayed fiery tempers when their [[anger]] was fully aroused. Their bellicose [[natures]], however, served a [[good]] [[purpose]]; superior [[groups]] did not hesitate to make [[war]] on their inferior neighbors, and thus, by selective [[survival]], the [[species]] was [[progressively]] improved. They very soon [[dominated]] the life of the smaller creatures of this region, and very few of the older noncarnivorous monkeylike tribes survived.
62:2.5 These dawn [[mammals]] [[developed]] more of a [[Tribe|tribal]] spirit than had ever been previously exhibited. They were, indeed, highly [[gregarious]] but nevertheless exceedingly pugnacious when in any way disturbed in the ordinary pursuit of their [[routine]] life, and they displayed fiery tempers when their [[anger]] was fully aroused. Their bellicose [[natures]], however, served a [[good]] [[purpose]]; superior [[groups]] did not hesitate to make [[war]] on their inferior neighbors, and thus, by selective [[survival]], the [[species]] was [[progressively]] improved. They very soon [[dominated]] the life of the smaller creatures of this region, and very few of the older noncarnivorous monkeylike tribes survived.
62:2.6 These aggressive little [[animals]] multiplied and spread over the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia Mesopotamian] peninsula for more than one thousand years, constantly improving in [[physical]] type and general [[intelligence]]. And it was just seventy [[generations]] after this new [[tribe]] had taken [[origin]] from the highest type of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur lemur] [[ancestor]] that the next [[epoch]]-making [[development]] occurred—the sudden differentiation of the [[ancestors]] of the next vital step in the [[evolution]] of [[human being]]s on [[Urantia]].
62:2.6 These aggressive little [[animals]] multiplied and spread over the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia Mesopotamian] peninsula for more than one thousand years, constantly improving in [[physical]] type and general [[intelligence]]. And it was just seventy [[generations]] after this new [[tribe]] had taken [[origin]] from the highest type of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur lemur] [[ancestor]] that the next [[epoch]]-making [[development]] occurred—the sudden differentiation of the [[ancestors]] of the next vital step in the [[evolution]] of [[human being]]s on [[Urantia]].
==62:3. THE MID-MAMMALS==
==62:3. THE MID-MAMMALS==
62:3.1 Early in the [[career]] of the dawn [[mammals]], in the treetop abode of a superior pair of these [[agile]] [[creatures]], twins were [[born]], one [[male]] and one [[female]]. [[Compared]] with their [[ancestors]], they were really [[Beautiful|handsome]] little creatures. They had little hair on their [[bodies]], but this was no [[disability]] as they lived in a warm and equable [[climate]].
62:3.1 Early in the [[career]] of the dawn [[mammals]], in the treetop abode of a superior pair of these [[agile]] [[creatures]], twins were [[born]], one [[male]] and one [[female]]. [[Compared]] with their [[ancestors]], they were really [[Beautiful|handsome]] little creatures. They had little hair on their [[bodies]], but this was no [[disability]] as they lived in a warm and equable [[climate]].
62:3.2 These [[children]] grew to be a little over four feet in height. They were in every way larger than their [[parents]], having longer legs and shorter arms. They had almost [[perfectly]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposable_thumb opposable thumbs], just about as well [[adapted]] for [[diversified]] [[work]] as the present [[human]] thumb. They walked upright, having feet almost as well suited for walking as those of the later [[human]] [[races]].
62:3.2 These [[children]] grew to be a little over four feet in height. They were in every way larger than their [[parents]], having longer legs and shorter arms. They had almost [[perfectly]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposable_thumb opposable thumbs], just about as well [[adapted]] for [[diversified]] [[work]] as the present [[human]] thumb. They walked upright, having feet almost as well suited for walking as those of the later [[human]] [[races]].
62:3.3 Their [[brains]] were inferior to, and smaller than, those of [[human beings]] but very superior to, and [[comparatively]] much larger than, those of their [[ancestors]]. The twins early displayed superior [[intelligence]] and were soon [[recognized]] as the heads of the whole [[tribe]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammals#Earliest_appearances_of_features dawn mammals], really instituting a [[primitive]] [[form]] of [[social]] [[organization]] and a crude [[economic]] division of labor. This [[Siblings|brother and sister]] mated and soon enjoyed the [[society]] of twenty-one [[children]] much like themselves, all more than four feet tall and in every way superior to the [[ancestral]] [[species]]. This new [[group]] formed the nucleus of the mid-mammals.
62:3.3 Their [[brains]] were inferior to, and smaller than, those of [[human beings]] but very superior to, and [[comparatively]] much larger than, those of their [[ancestors]]. The twins early displayed superior [[intelligence]] and were soon [[recognized]] as the heads of the whole [[tribe]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammals#Earliest_appearances_of_features dawn mammals], really instituting a [[primitive]] [[form]] of [[social]] [[organization]] and a crude [[economic]] division of labor. This [[Siblings|brother and sister]] mated and soon enjoyed the [[society]] of twenty-one [[children]] much like themselves, all more than four feet tall and in every way superior to the [[ancestral]] [[species]]. This new [[group]] formed the nucleus of the mid-mammals.
62:3.4 When the [[numbers]] of this new and superior [[group]] grew great, [[war]], relentless war, broke out; and when the terrible [[struggle]] was over, not a single [[individual]] of the pre-existent and [[ancestral]] race of [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:2._THE_DAWN_MAMMALS dawn mammals] remained alive. The less numerous but more [[powerful]] and [[intelligent]] offshoot of the [[species]] had [[survived]] at the expense of their [[ancestors]].
62:3.4 When the [[numbers]] of this new and superior [[group]] grew great, [[war]], relentless war, broke out; and when the terrible [[struggle]] was over, not a single [[individual]] of the pre-existent and [[ancestral]] race of [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:2._THE_DAWN_MAMMALS dawn mammals] remained alive. The less numerous but more [[powerful]] and [[intelligent]] offshoot of the [[species]] had [[survived]] at the expense of their [[ancestors]].
62:3.6 [[Compared]] with the [[ancestral]] [[species]], the mid-mammals were an improvement in every way. Even their [[potential]] life span was longer, being about twenty-five years. A number of rudimentary [[human]] traits appeared in this new species. In addition to the [[innate]] propensities exhibited by their [[ancestors]], these mid-mammals were capable of showing disgust in certain repulsive situations. They further [[possessed]] a well-defined hoarding [[instinct]]; they would hide [[food]] for subsequent use and were greatly given to the [[collection]] of smooth round pebbles and certain types of round stones suitable for [[defensive]] and offensive ammunition.
62:3.6 [[Compared]] with the [[ancestral]] [[species]], the mid-mammals were an improvement in every way. Even their [[potential]] life span was longer, being about twenty-five years. A number of rudimentary [[human]] traits appeared in this new species. In addition to the [[innate]] propensities exhibited by their [[ancestors]], these mid-mammals were capable of showing disgust in certain repulsive situations. They further [[possessed]] a well-defined hoarding [[instinct]]; they would hide [[food]] for subsequent use and were greatly given to the [[collection]] of smooth round pebbles and certain types of round stones suitable for [[defensive]] and offensive ammunition.
62:3.7 These mid-mammals were the first to exhibit a definite construction [[propensity]], as shown in their rivalry in the building of both treetop homes and their many-tunneled subterranean retreats; they were the first [[species]] of [[mammals]] ever to provide for [[safety]] in both [[arboreal]] and underground shelters. They largely forsook the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trees trees] as places of [[abode]], living on the ground during the day and [[sleeping]] in the treetops at night.
62:3.7 These mid-mammals were the first to exhibit a definite construction [[propensity]], as shown in their rivalry in the building of both treetop homes and their many-tunneled subterranean retreats; they were the first [[species]] of [[mammals]] ever to provide for [[safety]] in both [[arboreal]] and underground shelters. They largely forsook the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trees trees] as places of [[abode]], living on the ground during the day and [[sleeping]] in the treetops at night.
62:3.8 As [[time]] passed, the [[natural]] increase in [[numbers]] [[eventually]] resulted in serious [[food]] [[competition]] and [[sex]] [[Competition|rivalry]], all of which culminated in a series of internecine battles that nearly destroyed the entire [[species]]. These [[struggles]] continued until only one [[group]] of less than one hundred [[individuals]] was left alive. But [[peace]] once more prevailed, and this lone [[surviving]] [[tribe]] built anew its [[treetop]] bedrooms and once again resumed a [[normal]] and semipeaceful [[existence]].
62:3.8 As [[time]] passed, the [[natural]] increase in [[numbers]] [[eventually]] resulted in serious [[food]] [[competition]] and [[sex]] [[Competition|rivalry]], all of which culminated in a series of internecine battles that nearly destroyed the entire [[species]]. These [[struggles]] continued until only one [[group]] of less than one hundred [[individuals]] was left alive. But [[peace]] once more prevailed, and this lone [[surviving]] [[tribe]] built anew its [[treetop]] bedrooms and once again resumed a [[normal]] and semipeaceful [[existence]].
62:3.9 You can hardly [[realize]] by what narrow margins your prehuman [[ancestors]] missed [[extinction]] from time to time. Had the [[ancestral]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog frog] of all [[humanity]] jumped two inches less on a certain occasion, the whole [[course]] of [[evolution]] would have been markedly changed. The [[immediate]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur lemurlike] [[mother]] of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:2._THE_DAWN_MAMMALS dawn-mammal] [[species]] [[escaped]] [[death]] no less than five times by mere hairbreadth margins before she gave [[birth]] to the [[father]] of the new and higher [[mammalian]] order. But the closest call of all was when [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning lightning] struck the tree in which the prospective [[mother]] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] twins was sleeping. Both of these mid-mammal parents were severely shocked and badly burned; [[three]] of their [[seven]] [[children]] were killed by this bolt from the skies. These [[evolving]] [[animals]] were almost [[superstitious]]. This couple whose treetop [[home]] had been struck were really the [[leaders]] of the more [[progressive]] [[group]] of the mid-mammal species; and following their example, more than half the [[tribe]], embracing the more [[intelligent]] [[families]], moved about two miles away from this locality and began the construction of new [[treetop]] [[abodes]] and new ground [[shelters]]—their transient retreats in time of sudden [[danger]].
62:3.9 You can hardly [[realize]] by what narrow margins your prehuman [[ancestors]] missed [[extinction]] from time to time. Had the [[ancestral]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog frog] of all [[humanity]] jumped two inches less on a certain occasion, the whole [[course]] of [[evolution]] would have been markedly changed. The [[immediate]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur lemurlike] [[mother]] of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:2._THE_DAWN_MAMMALS dawn-mammal] [[species]] [[escaped]] [[death]] no less than five times by mere hairbreadth margins before she gave [[birth]] to the [[father]] of the new and higher [[mammalian]] order. But the closest call of all was when [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning lightning] struck the tree in which the prospective [[mother]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] twins was sleeping. Both of these mid-mammal parents were severely shocked and badly burned; [[three]] of their [[seven]] [[children]] were killed by this bolt from the skies. These [[evolving]] [[animals]] were almost [[superstitious]]. This couple whose treetop [[home]] had been struck were really the [[leaders]] of the more [[progressive]] [[group]] of the mid-mammal species; and following their example, more than half the [[tribe]], embracing the more [[intelligent]] [[families]], moved about two miles away from this locality and began the construction of new [[treetop]] [[abodes]] and new ground [[shelters]]—their transient retreats in time of sudden [[danger]].
62:3.10 Soon after the completion of their [[home]], this couple, veterans of so many struggles, found themselves the proud [[parents]] of twins, the most interesting and important [[animals]] ever to have been [[born]] into the world up to that time, for they were the first of the new [[species]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate Primates] constituting the next vital step in prehuman [[evolution]].
62:3.10 Soon after the completion of their [[home]], this couple, veterans of so many struggles, found themselves the proud [[parents]] of twins, the most interesting and important [[animals]] ever to have been [[born]] into the world up to that time, for they were the first of the new [[species]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate Primates] constituting the next vital step in prehuman [[evolution]].
62:3.11 Contemporaneously with the [[birth]] of these [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate Primates] twins, another couple—a peculiarly retarded [[male]] and [[female]] of the mid-mammal tribe, a couple that were both [[mentally]] and [[physically]] inferior—also gave [[birth]] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twins twins]. These twins, one [[male]] and one [[female]], were [[Apathy|indifferent]] to [[conquest]]; they were concerned only with obtaining [[food]] and, since they would not [[Carnivorous|eat flesh]], soon lost all interest in seeking prey. These retarded twins became the [[Foundation|founders]] of the modern [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian simian] tribes. Their descendants sought the warmer southern regions with their mild [[climates]] and an [[abundance]] of tropical fruits, where they have continued much as of that day except for those branches which mated with the earlier types of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbons gibbons] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apes apes] and have greatly deteriorated in consequence.
62:3.11 Contemporaneously with the [[birth]] of these [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate Primates] twins, another couple—a peculiarly retarded [[male]] and [[female]] of the mid-mammal tribe, a couple that were both [[mentally]] and [[physically]] inferior—also gave [[birth]] to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twins twins]. These twins, one [[male]] and one [[female]], were [[Apathy|indifferent]] to [[conquest]]; they were concerned only with obtaining [[food]] and, since they would not [[Carnivorous|eat flesh]], soon lost all interest in seeking prey. These retarded twins became the [[Foundation|founders]] of the modern [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian simian] tribes. Their descendants sought the warmer southern regions with their mild [[climates]] and an [[abundance]] of tropical fruits, where they have continued much as of that day except for those branches which mated with the earlier types of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbons gibbons] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apes apes] and have greatly deteriorated in consequence.
62:3.12 And so it may be readily seen that [[man]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape ape] are related only in that they sprang from the mid-mammals, a [[tribe]] in which there occurred the contemporaneous [[birth]] and subsequent [[segregation]] of two pairs of twins: the inferior pair [[destined]] to produce the modern types of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey monkey], baboon, chimpanzee, and gorilla; the superior pair destined to continue the line of [[ascent]] which evolved into [[man]] himself.
62:3.12 And so it may be readily seen that [[man]] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape ape] are related only in that they sprang from the mid-mammals, a [[tribe]] in which there occurred the contemporaneous [[birth]] and subsequent [[segregation]] of two pairs of twins: the inferior pair [[destined]] to produce the modern types of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey monkey], baboon, chimpanzee, and gorilla; the superior pair destined to continue the line of [[ascent]] which evolved into [[man]] himself.
62:3.13 Modern man and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian simians] did spring from the same [[tribe]] and [[species]] but not from the same [[parents]]. Man's [[ancestors]] are descended from the superior strains of the selected remnant of this mid-mammal [[tribe]], whereas the modern simians (excepting certain pre-existent types of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur lemurs], gibbons, apes, and other monkeylike creatures) are the descendants of the most inferior couple of this mid-mammal group, a couple who only [[survived]] by hiding themselves in a subterranean food-storage [[retreat]] for more than two weeks during the last fierce battle of their [[tribe]], emerging only after the [[Violence|hostilities]] were well over.
62:3.13 Modern man and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian simians] did spring from the same [[tribe]] and [[species]] but not from the same [[parents]]. Man's [[ancestors]] are descended from the superior strains of the selected remnant of this mid-mammal [[tribe]], whereas the modern simians (excepting certain pre-existent types of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur lemurs], gibbons, apes, and other monkeylike creatures) are the descendants of the most inferior couple of this mid-mammal group, a couple who only [[survived]] by hiding themselves in a subterranean food-storage [[retreat]] for more than two weeks during the last fierce battle of their [[tribe]], emerging only after the [[Violence|hostilities]] were well over.
==62:4. THE PRIMATES==
==62:4. THE PRIMATES==
62:4.1 Going back to the [[birth]] of the superior [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twins twins], one [[male]] and one [[female]], to the two leading members of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:3._THE_MID-MAMMALS mid-mammal tribe]: These [[animal]] babies were of an unusual order; they had still less hair on their [[bodies]] than their [[parents]] and, when very young, insisted on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalism walking upright]. Their [[ancestors]] had always learned to walk on their hind legs, but these [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] twins stood erect from the beginning. They [[attained]] a height of over five feet, and their heads grew larger in [[comparison]] with others among the [[tribe]]. While early [[learning]] to [[communicate]] with each other by means of [[signs]] and [[sounds]], they were never able to make their people [[understand]] these new [[symbols]].
62:4.1 Going back to the [[birth]] of the superior [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twins twins], one [[male]] and one [[female]], to the two leading members of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:3._THE_MID-MAMMALS mid-mammal tribe]: These [[animal]] babies were of an unusual order; they had still less hair on their [[bodies]] than their [[parents]] and, when very young, insisted on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalism walking upright]. Their [[ancestors]] had always learned to walk on their hind legs, but these [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] twins stood erect from the beginning. They [[attained]] a height of over five feet, and their heads grew larger in [[comparison]] with others among the [[tribe]]. While early [[learning]] to [[communicate]] with each other by means of [[signs]] and [[sounds]], they were never able to make their people [[understand]] these new [[symbols]].
62:4.2 When about fourteen years of age, they fled from the [[tribe]], going west to raise their [[family]] and [[establish]] the new [[species]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates]. And these new [[creatures]] are very properly denominated Primates since they were the direct and [[immediate]] [[animal]] [[ancestors]] of the [[human]] [[family]] itself.
62:4.2 When about fourteen years of age, they fled from the [[tribe]], going west to raise their [[family]] and [[establish]] the new [[species]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates]. And these new [[creatures]] are very properly denominated Primates since they were the direct and [[immediate]] [[animal]] [[ancestors]] of the [[human]] [[family]] itself.
62:4.3 Thus it was that the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] came to occupy a region on the west coast of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia Mesopotamian] peninsula as it then projected into the southern [[sea]], while the less [[intelligent]] and closely [[related]] [[tribes]] lived around the peninsula point and up the eastern shore line.
62:4.3 Thus it was that the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] came to occupy a region on the west coast of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia Mesopotamian] peninsula as it then projected into the southern [[sea]], while the less [[intelligent]] and closely [[related]] [[tribes]] lived around the peninsula point and up the eastern shore line.
62:4.4 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] were more [[human]] and less [[animal]] than their [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:3._THE_MID-MAMMALS mid-mammal] predecessors. The skeletal [[proportions]] of this new [[species]] were very similar to those of the [[primitive]] [[human]] [[races]]. The [[human]] type of hand and foot had fully [[developed]], and these [[creatures]] could walk and even run as well as any of their later-day [[human]] descendants. They largely abandoned [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trees tree] life, though continuing to resort to the treetops as a [[safety]] measure at night, for like their earlier [[ancestors]], they were greatly subject to [[fear]]. The increased use of their hands did much to [[develop]] [[inherent]] [[brain]] [[power]], but they did not yet [[possess]] [[minds]] that could really be called [[human]].
62:4.4 The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] were more [[human]] and less [[animal]] than their [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:3._THE_MID-MAMMALS mid-mammal] predecessors. The skeletal [[proportions]] of this new [[species]] were very similar to those of the [[primitive]] [[human]] [[races]]. The [[human]] type of hand and foot had fully [[developed]], and these [[creatures]] could walk and even run as well as any of their later-day [[human]] descendants. They largely abandoned [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trees tree] life, though continuing to resort to the treetops as a [[safety]] measure at night, for like their earlier [[ancestors]], they were greatly subject to [[fear]]. The increased use of their hands did much to [[develop]] [[inherent]] [[brain]] [[power]], but they did not yet [[possess]] [[minds]] that could really be called [[human]].
62:4.5 Although in [[emotional]] [[nature]] the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] differed little from their [[Ancestors|forebears]], they exhibited more of a [[human]] [[trend]] in all of their propensities. They were, indeed, splendid and superior [[animals]], reaching [[maturity]] at about ten years of age and having a [[natural]] life span of about forty years. That is, they might have lived that long had they died [[natural]] [[deaths]], but in those early days very few animals ever died a natural death; the [[struggle]] for [[existence]] was altogether too [[intense]].
62:4.5 Although in [[emotional]] [[nature]] the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] differed little from their [[Ancestors|forebears]], they exhibited more of a [[human]] [[trend]] in all of their propensities. They were, indeed, splendid and superior [[animals]], reaching [[maturity]] at about ten years of age and having a [[natural]] life span of about forty years. That is, they might have lived that long had they died [[natural]] [[deaths]], but in those early days very few animals ever died a natural death; the [[struggle]] for [[existence]] was altogether too [[intense]].
62:4.6 And now, after almost nine hundred [[generations]] of [[development]], covering about twenty-one thousand years from the [[origin]] of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:2._THE_DAWN_MAMMALS dawn mammals], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] suddenly gave [[birth]] to two remarkable [[creatures]], the first true [[human being]]s.
62:4.6 And now, after almost nine hundred [[generations]] of [[development]], covering about twenty-one thousand years from the [[origin]] of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:2._THE_DAWN_MAMMALS dawn mammals], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] suddenly gave [[birth]] to two remarkable [[creatures]], the first true [[human being]]s.
62:4.7 Thus it was that the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:2._THE_DAWN_MAMMALS dawn mammals], springing from the North American [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur lemur] type, gave [[origin]] to the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:3._THE_MID-MAMMALS mid-mammals], and these mid-mammals in turn produced the superior [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates], who became the [[immediate]] [[ancestors]] of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive] [[human]] [[race]]. The [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] tribes were the last [[vital]] link in the [[evolution]] of [[man]], but in less than five thousand years not a single [[individual]] of these extraordinary [[tribes]] was left.
62:4.7 Thus it was that the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:2._THE_DAWN_MAMMALS dawn mammals], springing from the North American [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur lemur] type, gave [[origin]] to the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:3._THE_MID-MAMMALS mid-mammals], and these mid-mammals in turn produced the superior [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates], who became the [[immediate]] [[ancestors]] of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive] [[human]] [[race]]. The [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] tribes were the last [[vital]] link in the [[evolution]] of [[man]], but in less than five thousand years not a single [[individual]] of these extraordinary [[tribes]] was left.
==62:5. THE FIRST HUMAN BEINGS==
==62:5. THE FIRST HUMAN BEINGS==
62:5.1 From the year A.D. [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934 1934] back to the [[birth]] of the first two [[human beings]] is just [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#History_of_ideas 993,419 years].
62:5.1 From the year A.D. [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934 1934] back to the [[birth]] of the first two [[human beings]] is just [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#History_of_ideas 993,419 years].
62:5.2 These two remarkable [[creatures]] were true [[human]] [[beings]]. They [[possessed]] [[perfect]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposable_thumbs human thumbs], as had many of their [[ancestors]], while they had just as perfect feet as the present-day [[human]] [[races]]. They were walkers and runners, not climbers; the grasping [[function]] of the big toe was absent, completely [[absent]]. When [[danger]] drove them to the [[treetops]], they climbed just like the [[humans]] of today would. They would climb up the trunk of a tree like a bear and not as would a chimpanzee or a gorilla, swinging up by the branches.
62:5.2 These two remarkable [[creatures]] were true [[human]] [[beings]]. They [[possessed]] [[perfect]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposable_thumbs human thumbs], as had many of their [[ancestors]], while they had just as perfect feet as the present-day [[human]] [[races]]. They were walkers and runners, not climbers; the grasping [[function]] of the big toe was absent, completely [[absent]]. When [[danger]] drove them to the [[treetops]], they climbed just like the [[humans]] of today would. They would climb up the trunk of a tree like a bear and not as would a chimpanzee or a gorilla, swinging up by the branches.
62:5.3 These first human beings (and their descendants) reached full [[maturity]] at twelve years of age and [[possessed]] a [[potential]] [[life span]] of about seventy-five years.
62:5.3 These first human beings (and their descendants) reached full [[maturity]] at twelve years of age and [[possessed]] a [[potential]] [[life span]] of about seventy-five years.
62:5.4 Many new [[emotions]] early appeared in these [[human]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twins twins]. They [[experienced]] [[Wonder|admiration]] for both objects and other [[beings]] and [[exhibited]] considerable [[vanity]]. But the most remarkable [[advance]] in [[emotional]] [[development]] was the sudden appearance of a new group of really human [[feelings]], the [[worshipful]] group, [[embracing]] [[awe]], [[reverence]], [[humility]], and even a [[primitive]] [[form]] of [[gratitude]]. [[Fear]], joined with [[ignorance]] of [[natural]] [[phenomena]], is about to give [[birth]] to [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_86 primitive religion].
62:5.4 Many new [[emotions]] early appeared in these [[human]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twins twins]. They [[experienced]] [[Wonder|admiration]] for both objects and other [[beings]] and [[exhibited]] considerable [[vanity]]. But the most remarkable [[advance]] in [[emotional]] [[development]] was the sudden appearance of a new group of really human [[feelings]], the [[worshipful]] group, [[embracing]] [[awe]], [[reverence]], [[humility]], and even a [[primitive]] [[form]] of [[gratitude]]. [[Fear]], joined with [[ignorance]] of [[natural]] [[phenomena]], is about to give [[birth]] to [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_86 primitive religion].
62:5.5 Not only were such [[human]] [[feelings]] [[manifested]] in these [[primitive]] [[humans]], but many more highly evolved sentiments were also present in rudimentary [[form]]. They were mildly cognizant of [[pity]], [[shame]], and reproach and were acutely [[conscious]] of [[love]], hate, and revenge, being also susceptible to marked [[feelings]] of [[jealousy]].
62:5.5 Not only were such [[human]] [[feelings]] [[manifested]] in these [[primitive]] [[humans]], but many more highly evolved sentiments were also present in rudimentary [[form]]. They were mildly cognizant of [[pity]], [[shame]], and reproach and were acutely [[conscious]] of [[love]], hate, and revenge, being also susceptible to marked [[feelings]] of [[jealousy]].
62:5.6 These first two [[humans]]—the twins—were a great [[trial]] to their [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primtates Primates] [[parents]]. They were so [[curious]] and [[adventurous]] that they nearly lost their lives on numerous occasions before they were eight years old. As it was, they were rather well scarred up by the time they were twelve.
62:5.6 These first two [[humans]]—the twins—were a great [[trial]] to their [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primtates Primates] [[parents]]. They were so [[curious]] and [[adventurous]] that they nearly lost their lives on numerous occasions before they were eight years old. As it was, they were rather well scarred up by the time they were twelve.
62:5.7 Very early they [[learned]] to [[engage]] in [[verbal]] [[communication]]; by the age of ten they had worked out an improved [[sign]] and [[word]] [[language]] of almost half a hundred [[ideas]] and had greatly improved and expanded the crude communicative [[technique]] of their [[ancestors]]. But try as hard as they might, they were able to [[teach]] only a few of their new signs and symbols to their [[parents]].
62:5.7 Very early they [[learned]] to [[engage]] in [[verbal]] [[communication]]; by the age of ten they had worked out an improved [[sign]] and [[word]] [[language]] of almost half a hundred [[ideas]] and had greatly improved and expanded the crude communicative [[technique]] of their [[ancestors]]. But try as hard as they might, they were able to [[teach]] only a few of their new signs and symbols to their [[parents]].
62:5.8 When about nine years of age, they [[journeyed]] off down the [[river]] one bright day and held a momentous [[conference]]. Every [[celestial]] [[intelligence]] stationed on [[Urantia]], including myself, was present as an [[observer]] of the [[transactions]] of this noontide tryst. On this eventful day they arrived at an understanding to live with and for each other, and this was the first of a [[series]] of such [[agreements]] which finally culminated in the [[decision]] to flee from their inferior [[animal]] associates and to [[journey]] northward, little knowing that they were thus to found the [[human]] [[race]].
62:5.8 When about nine years of age, they [[journeyed]] off down the [[river]] one bright day and held a momentous [[conference]]. Every [[celestial]] [[intelligence]] stationed on [[Urantia]], including myself, was present as an [[observer]] of the [[transactions]] of this noontide tryst. On this eventful day they arrived at an understanding to live with and for each other, and this was the first of a [[series]] of such [[agreements]] which finally culminated in the [[decision]] to flee from their inferior [[animal]] associates and to [[journey]] northward, little knowing that they were thus to found the [[human]] [[race]].
62:5.9 While we were all greatly concerned with what these two little savages were planning, we were powerless to [[control]] the working of their [[minds]]; we did not—could not—[[arbitrarily]] [[influence]] their [[decisions]]. But within the permissible [[limits]] of [[planetary]] [[function]], we, the [[Life Carriers]], together with our [[associates]], all [[conspired]] to [[lead]] the [[human]] twins northward and far from their hairy and partially tree-dwelling people. And so, by [[reason]] of their own [[intelligent]] [[choice]], the twins did [[migrate]], and because of our supervision they migrated northward to a secluded region where they [[escaped]] the [[possibility]] of [[biologic]] degradation through admixture with their inferior relatives of the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] tribes.
62:5.9 While we were all greatly concerned with what these two little savages were planning, we were powerless to [[control]] the working of their [[minds]]; we did not—could not—[[arbitrarily]] [[influence]] their [[decisions]]. But within the permissible [[limits]] of [[planetary]] [[function]], we, the [[Life Carriers]], together with our [[associates]], all [[conspired]] to [[lead]] the [[human]] twins northward and far from their hairy and partially tree-dwelling people. And so, by [[reason]] of their own [[intelligent]] [[choice]], the twins did [[migrate]], and because of our supervision they migrated northward to a secluded region where they [[escaped]] the [[possibility]] of [[biologic]] degradation through admixture with their inferior relatives of the [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates Primates] tribes.
62:5.10 Shortly before their departure from the home [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest forests] they lost their [[mother]] in a [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon gibbon] raid. While she did not [[possess]] their [[intelligence]], she did have a [[worthy]] [[mammalian]] [[affection]] of a high order for her [[offspring]], and she fearlessly gave her life in the attempt to save the [[wonderful]] pair. Nor was her [[sacrifice]] in vain, for she held off the enemy until the [[father]] arrived with reinforcements and put the invaders to rout.
62:5.10 Shortly before their departure from the home [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest forests] they lost their [[mother]] in a [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon gibbon] raid. While she did not [[possess]] their [[intelligence]], she did have a [[worthy]] [[mammalian]] [[affection]] of a high order for her [[offspring]], and she fearlessly gave her life in the attempt to save the [[wonderful]] pair. Nor was her [[sacrifice]] in vain, for she held off the enemy until the [[father]] arrived with reinforcements and put the invaders to rout.
62:5.11 Soon after this young couple forsook their [[associates]] to found the [[human]] [[race]], their Primates [[father]] became disconsolate—he was heartbroken. He refused to eat, even when [[food]] was brought to him by his other [[children]]. His brilliant offspring having been lost, life did not seem worth living among his ordinary fellows; so he wandered off into the forest, was set upon by hostile gibbons and beaten to [[death]].
62:5.11 Soon after this young couple forsook their [[associates]] to found the [[human]] [[race]], their Primates [[father]] became disconsolate—he was heartbroken. He refused to eat, even when [[food]] was brought to him by his other [[children]]. His brilliant offspring having been lost, life did not seem worth living among his ordinary fellows; so he wandered off into the forest, was set upon by hostile gibbons and beaten to [[death]].