Changes

==68:1. PROTECTIVE SOCIALIZATION==

==68:1. PROTECTIVE SOCIALIZATION==

68:1.1 When brought closely [[together]], [[men]] often learn to like one another, but [[primitive]] man was not naturally overflowing with the [[spirit]] of [[brotherly]] [[feeling]] and the [[desire]] for [[social]] [[contact]] with his fellows. Rather did the [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64 early races] [[learn]] by sad [[experience]] that "in [[union]] there is [[strength]]"; and it is this lack of [[natural]] [[brotherly]] [[attraction]] that now stands in the way of [[immediate]] [[realization]] of the brotherhood of man on [[Urantia]].

68:1.1 When brought closely [[together]], [[men]] often learn to like one another, but [[primitive]] man was not naturally overflowing with the [[spirit]] of [[brotherly]] [[feeling]] and the [[desire]] for [[social]] [[contact]] with his fellows. Rather did the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64 early races] [[learn]] by sad [[experience]] that "in [[union]] there is [[strength]]"; and it is this lack of [[natural]] [[brotherly]] [[attraction]] that now stands in the way of [[immediate]] [[realization]] of the brotherhood of man on [[Urantia]].

68:1.2 [[Association]] early became the price of [[survival]]. The lone man was helpless unless he bore a [[tribal]] mark which [[testified]] that he belonged to a [[group]] which would certainly avenge any [[assault]] made upon him. Even in the days of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain Cain][http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_76#76:2._CAIN_AND_ABEL] it was fatal to go abroad alone without some mark of [[group]] [[association]]. [[Civilization]] has become man's insurance against [[violent]] [[death]], while the premiums are paid by submission to [[society]]'s numerous [[law]] demands.

68:1.2 [[Association]] early became the price of [[survival]]. The lone man was helpless unless he bore a [[tribal]] mark which [[testified]] that he belonged to a [[group]] which would certainly avenge any [[assault]] made upon him. Even in the days of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain Cain][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_76#76:2._CAIN_AND_ABEL] it was fatal to go abroad alone without some mark of [[group]] [[association]]. [[Civilization]] has become man's insurance against [[violent]] [[death]], while the premiums are paid by submission to [[society]]'s numerous [[law]] demands.

68:1.3 [[Primitive]] [[society]] was thus founded on the [[reciprocity]] of [[necessity]] and on the enhanced safety of [[association]]. And [[human]] [[society]] has evolved in agelong [[cycles]] as a result of this [[isolation]] [[fear]] and by means of reluctant [[co-operation]].

68:1.3 [[Primitive]] [[society]] was thus founded on the [[reciprocity]] of [[necessity]] and on the enhanced safety of [[association]]. And [[human]] [[society]] has evolved in agelong [[cycles]] as a result of this [[isolation]] [[fear]] and by means of reluctant [[co-operation]].

68:1.5 The peoples who thus early [[organized]] themselves into a [[primitive]] [[society]] became more successful in their attacks on [[nature]] as well as in [[defense]] against their fellows; they [[possessed]] greater [[survival]] [[possibilities]]; hence has [[civilization]] steadily [[progressed]] on [[Urantia]], notwithstanding its many setbacks. And it is only because of the enhancement of [[survival]] [[value]] in [[association]] that man's many blunders have thus far failed to stop or destroy [[human]] [[civilization]].

68:1.5 The peoples who thus early [[organized]] themselves into a [[primitive]] [[society]] became more successful in their attacks on [[nature]] as well as in [[defense]] against their fellows; they [[possessed]] greater [[survival]] [[possibilities]]; hence has [[civilization]] steadily [[progressed]] on [[Urantia]], notwithstanding its many setbacks. And it is only because of the enhancement of [[survival]] [[value]] in [[association]] that man's many blunders have thus far failed to stop or destroy [[human]] [[civilization]].

68:1.6 That contemporary [[cultural]] [[society]] is a rather recent [[phenomenon]] is well shown by the present-day [[survival]] of such [[primitive]] [[social]] conditions as characterize the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aborigines Australian natives] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen Bushmen] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmies Pygmies] of Africa. Among these backward peoples may be [[observed]] something of the early [[group]] hostility, [[personal]] [[suspicion]], and other highly antisocial traits which were so characteristic of all [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive races]. These miserable remnants of the nonsocial peoples of ancient times bear [[eloquent]] [[testimony]] to the [[fact]] that the [[natural]] [[individual]]istic tendency of man cannot successfully [[compete]] with the more [[potent]] and [[powerful]] [[organizations]] and [[associations]] of [[social]] [[progression]]. These backward and suspicious antisocial races that speak a [[different]] dialect every forty or fifty miles [[illustrate]] what a world you might now be living in but for the combined [[teaching]] of the [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_66#66:2._THE_PRINCE.27S_STAFF corporeal staff] of the [[Planetary Prince]] and the later labors of the [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_76#76:4._THE_VIOLET_RACE Adamic group] of racial uplifters.

68:1.6 That contemporary [[cultural]] [[society]] is a rather recent [[phenomenon]] is well shown by the present-day [[survival]] of such [[primitive]] [[social]] conditions as characterize the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aborigines Australian natives] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen Bushmen] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmies Pygmies] of Africa. Among these backward peoples may be [[observed]] something of the early [[group]] hostility, [[personal]] [[suspicion]], and other highly antisocial traits which were so characteristic of all [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive races]. These miserable remnants of the nonsocial peoples of ancient times bear [[eloquent]] [[testimony]] to the [[fact]] that the [[natural]] [[individual]]istic tendency of man cannot successfully [[compete]] with the more [[potent]] and [[powerful]] [[organizations]] and [[associations]] of [[social]] [[progression]]. These backward and suspicious antisocial races that speak a [[different]] dialect every forty or fifty miles [[illustrate]] what a world you might now be living in but for the combined [[teaching]] of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_66#66:2._THE_PRINCE.27S_STAFF corporeal staff] of the [[Planetary Prince]] and the later labors of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_76#76:4._THE_VIOLET_RACE Adamic group] of racial uplifters.

68:1.7 The modern phrase, "back to [[nature]]," is a [[delusion]] of [[ignorance]], a [[belief]] in the [[reality]] of the onetime fictitious "golden age." The only basis for the [[legend]] of the golden age is the historic [[fact]] of [[Dalamatia]] and [[Eden]]. But these improved [[societies]] were far from the [[realization]] of [[utopian]] [[dreams]].

68:1.7 The modern phrase, "back to [[nature]]," is a [[delusion]] of [[ignorance]], a [[belief]] in the [[reality]] of the onetime fictitious "golden age." The only basis for the [[legend]] of the golden age is the historic [[fact]] of [[Dalamatia]] and [[Eden]]. But these improved [[societies]] were far from the [[realization]] of [[utopian]] [[dreams]].

==68:2. FACTORS IN SOCIAL PROGRESSION==

==68:2. FACTORS IN SOCIAL PROGRESSION==

68:2.1 [[Civilized]] [[society]] is the result of [[man]]'s early [[efforts]] to overcome his dislike of [[isolation]]. But this does not [[necessarily]] signify [[mutual]] [[affection]], and the present [[turbulent]] [[state]] of certain [[primitive]] [[groups]] well [[illustrates]] what the early [[tribes]] came up through. But though the [[individuals]] of a [[civilization]] may collide with each other and [[struggle]] against one another, and though [[civilization]] itself may appear to be an inconsistent mass of striving and struggling, it does [[evidence]] earnest striving, not the deadly [[monotony]] of [[stagnation]].

68:2.1 [[Civilized]] [[society]] is the result of [[man]]'s early [[efforts]] to overcome his dislike of [[isolation]]. But this does not [[necessarily]] signify [[mutual]] [[affection]], and the present [[turbulent]] [[state]] of certain [[primitive]] [[groups]] well [[illustrates]] what the early [[tribes]] came up through. But though the [[individuals]] of a [[civilization]] may collide with each other and [[struggle]] against one another, and though [[civilization]] itself may appear to be an inconsistent mass of striving and struggling, it does [[evidence]] earnest striving, not the deadly monotony of stagnation.

68:2.2 While the [[level]] of [[intelligence]] has [[contributed]] considerably to the [[rate]] of [[cultural]] [[progress]], [[society]] is essentially [[designed]] to lessen the [[risk]] element in the [[individual]]'s mode of living, and it has [[progressed]] just as fast as it has succeeded in lessening [[pain]] and increasing the [[pleasure]] element in life. Thus does the whole [[social]] [[body]] push on slowly toward the goal of [[destiny]]—[[extinction]] or [[survival]]—depending on whether that goal is [[self]]-[[maintenance]] or [[self]]-[[gratification]]. Self-maintenance [[originates]] [[society]], while excessive self-[[gratification]] destroys [[civilization]].

68:2.2 While the [[level]] of [[intelligence]] has [[contributed]] considerably to the [[rate]] of [[cultural]] [[progress]], [[society]] is essentially [[designed]] to lessen the [[risk]] element in the [[individual]]'s mode of living, and it has [[progressed]] just as fast as it has succeeded in lessening [[pain]] and increasing the [[pleasure]] element in life. Thus does the whole [[social]] [[body]] push on slowly toward the goal of [[destiny]]—[[extinction]] or [[survival]]—depending on whether that goal is [[self]]-[[maintenance]] or [[self]]-[[gratification]]. Self-maintenance [[originates]] [[society]], while excessive self-[[gratification]] destroys [[civilization]].

68:2.3 <u>Society is concerned with self-perpetuation, self-maintenance, and self-gratification, but human [[self-realization]] is [[worthy]] of becoming the [[immediate]] goal of many cultural [[groups]].</u>[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_69#69:1._BASIC_HUMAN_INSTITUTIONS]

68:2.3 Society is concerned with self-perpetuation, self-maintenance, and self-gratification, but human [[self-realization]] is [[worthy]] of becoming the [[immediate]] goal of many cultural [[groups]].[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_69#69:1._BASIC_HUMAN_INSTITUTIONS]

68:2.4 The herd [[instinct]] in [[natural]] man is hardly sufficient to account for the [[development]] of such a [[social]] [[organization]] as now exists on [[Urantia]]. Though this innate gregarious [[propensity]] lies at the bottom of [[human]] [[society]], much of man's sociability is an acquirement. Two great [[influences]] which [[contributed]] to the early [[association]] of [[human beings]] were [[food]] [[hunger]] and [[sex]] [[love]]; these instinctive urges man [[shares]] with the [[animal]] world. Two other [[emotions]] which drove [[human]] [[beings]] together and held them [[together]] were [[vanity]] and [[fear]], more particularly [[ghost]] [[fear]].

68:2.4 The herd [[instinct]] in [[natural]] man is hardly sufficient to account for the [[development]] of such a [[social]] [[organization]] as now exists on [[Urantia]]. Though this innate gregarious [[propensity]] lies at the bottom of [[human]] [[society]], much of man's sociability is an acquirement. Two great [[influences]] which [[contributed]] to the early [[association]] of [[human beings]] were [[food]] [[hunger]] and [[sex]] [[love]]; these instinctive urges man [[shares]] with the [[animal]] world. Two other [[emotions]] which drove [[human]] [[beings]] together and held them [[together]] were [[vanity]] and [[fear]], more particularly [[ghost]] [[fear]].

68:2.5 [[History]] is but the [[record]] of man's agelong [[food]] [[struggle]]. [[Primitive]] man only [[thought]] when he was [[hungry]]; food saving was his first self-denial, [[self]]-[[discipline]]. With the [[growth]] of [[society]], [[food]] [[hunger]] ceased to be the only incentive for [[mutual]] [[association]]. Numerous other sorts of [[hunger]], the [[realization]] of various needs, all led to the closer [[association]] of [[mankind]]. But today [[society]] is top-heavy with the overgrowth of supposed human needs. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occident Occidental civilization] of the twentieth century groans wearily under the tremendous overload of [[luxury]] and the inordinate multiplication of [[human]] [[desires]] and longings. Modern [[society]] is enduring the strain of one of its most dangerous [[phases]] of far-flung interassociation and highly [[complicated]] [[interdependence]].

68:2.5 [[History]] is but the [[record]] of man's agelong [[food]] [[struggle]]. [[Primitive]] man only [[thought]] when he was [[hungry]]; food saving was his first self-denial, [[self]]-[[discipline]]. With the [[growth]] of [[society]], [[food]] [[hunger]] ceased to be the only incentive for [[mutual]] [[association]]. Numerous other sorts of [[hunger]], the [[realization]] of various needs, all led to the closer [[association]] of [[mankind]]. But today [[society]] is top-heavy with the overgrowth of supposed human needs. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occident Occidental civilization] of the twentieth century groans wearily under the tremendous overload of [[luxury]] and the inordinate multiplication of [[human]] [[desires]] and longings. Modern [[society]] is enduring the strain of one of its most dangerous [[phases]] of far-flung interassociation and highly [[complicated]] [[interdependence]].

68:2.6 [[Hunger]], [[vanity]], and [[ghost]] [[fear]] were continuous in their [[social]] [[pressure]], but [[sex]] [[gratification]] was transient and spasmodic. The [[sex]] urge alone did not impel [[primitive]] [[men]] and [[women]] to assume the heavy burdens of [[home]] [[maintenance]]. The early [[home]] was founded upon the [[sex]] restlessness of the [[male]] when deprived of frequent [[gratification]] and upon that [[devoted]] [[mother]] [[love]] of the [[human]] [[female]], which in [[measure]] she shares with the females of all the higher [[animals]]. The [[presence]] of a helpless baby determined the early [[differentiation]] of [[male]] and [[female]] [[activities]]; the [[woman]] had to [[maintain]] a settled [[residence]] where she could [[cultivate]] the [[soil]]. And from earliest times, where [[woman]] was has always been regarded as the [[home]].

68:2.6 [[Hunger]], [[vanity]], and [[ghost]] [[fear]] were continuous in their [[social]] [[pressure]], but [[sex]] [[gratification]] was transient and spasmodic. The [[sex]] urge alone did not impel [[primitive]] [[men]] and [[women]] to assume the heavy burdens of [[home]] [[maintenance]]. The early [[home]] was founded upon the [[sex]] restlessness of the [[male]] when deprived of frequent [[gratification]] and upon that [[devoted]] [[mother]] [[love]] of the [[human]] [[female]], which in [[measure]] she shares with the females of all the higher [[animals]]. The [[presence]] of a helpless baby determined the early [[differentiation]] of [[male]] and [[female]] [[activities]]; the [[woman]] had to [[maintain]] a settled [[residence]] where she could [[cultivate]] the [[soil]]. And from earliest times, where [[woman]] was has always been regarded as the [[home]].

68:2.8 Almost [[everything]] of lasting [[value]] in [[civilization]] has its [[roots]] in the [[family]]. The [[family]] was the first successful [[peace]] [[group]], the [[man]] and [[woman]] [[learning]] how to [[adjust]] their antagonisms while at the same time [[teaching]] the pursuits of [[peace]] to their [[children]].

68:2.8 Almost [[everything]] of lasting [[value]] in [[civilization]] has its [[roots]] in the [[family]]. The [[family]] was the first successful [[peace]] [[group]], the [[man]] and [[woman]] [[learning]] how to [[adjust]] their antagonisms while at the same time [[teaching]] the pursuits of [[peace]] to their [[children]].

68:2.9 The [[function]] of [[marriage]] in [[evolution]] is the insurance of [[race]] [[survival]], not merely the [[realization]] of [[personal]] [[happiness]]; [[self]]-[[maintenance]] and self-[[perpetuation]] are the real objects of the [[home]]. Self-[[gratification]] is incidental and not [[essential]] except as an incentive insuring [[sex]] [[association]]. [[Nature]] demands [[survival]], but [[the arts]] of [[civilization]] continue to increase the [[pleasures]] of [[marriage]] and the [[satisfactions]] of [[family]] life.

68:2.9 The [[function]] of [[marriage]] in [[evolution]] is the insurance of [[race]] [[survival]], not merely the [[realization]] of [[personal]] [[happiness]]; [[self]]-[[maintenance]] and self-perpetuation are the real objects of the [[home]]. Self-[[gratification]] is incidental and not [[essential]] except as an incentive insuring [[sex]] [[association]]. [[Nature]] demands [[survival]], but [[the arts]] of [[civilization]] continue to increase the [[pleasures]] of [[marriage]] and the [[satisfactions]] of [[family]] life.

68:2.10 If [[vanity]] be enlarged to cover [[pride]], [[ambition]], and [[honor]], then we may [[discern]] not only how these [[propensities]] [[contribute]] to the formation of [[human]] [[associations]], but how they also hold men [[together]], since such [[emotions]] are futile without an [[audience]] to parade before. Soon [[vanity]] [[associated]] with itself other [[emotions]] and impulses which required a [[social]] arena wherein they might [[exhibit]] and gratify themselves. This [[group]] of [[emotions]] gave [[origin]] to the early beginnings of all [[art]], [[ceremonial]], and all [[forms]] of [[sport]]ive [[games]] and contests.

68:2.10 If [[vanity]] be enlarged to cover [[pride]], [[ambition]], and [[honor]], then we may [[discern]] not only how these [[propensities]] [[contribute]] to the formation of [[human]] [[associations]], but how they also hold men [[together]], since such [[emotions]] are futile without an [[audience]] to parade before. Soon [[vanity]] [[associated]] with itself other [[emotions]] and impulses which required a [[social]] arena wherein they might [[exhibit]] and gratify themselves. This [[group]] of [[emotions]] gave [[origin]] to the early beginnings of all [[art]], [[ceremonial]], and all [[forms]] of [[sport]]ive [[games]] and contests.

68:3.2 Probably the greatest single [[factor]] in the [[evolution]] of [[human]] [[society]] was the [[ghost]] [[dream]]. Although most [[dreams]] greatly perturbed the [[primitive]] [[mind]], the [[ghost]] [[dream]] actually [[terrorized]] early men, driving these [[superstitious]] dreamers into each other's arms in willing and [[earnest]] [[association]] for [[mutual]] [[protection]] against the vague and [[unseen]] [[imaginary]] [[dangers]] of the [[spirit]] world. The [[ghost]] [[dream]] was one of the earliest appearing [[differences]] between the [[animal]] and [[human]] types of [[mind]]. [[Animals]] do not [[visualize]] [[survival]] after [[death]].

68:3.2 Probably the greatest single [[factor]] in the [[evolution]] of [[human]] [[society]] was the [[ghost]] [[dream]]. Although most [[dreams]] greatly perturbed the [[primitive]] [[mind]], the [[ghost]] [[dream]] actually [[terrorized]] early men, driving these [[superstitious]] dreamers into each other's arms in willing and [[earnest]] [[association]] for [[mutual]] [[protection]] against the vague and [[unseen]] [[imaginary]] [[dangers]] of the [[spirit]] world. The [[ghost]] [[dream]] was one of the earliest appearing [[differences]] between the [[animal]] and [[human]] types of [[mind]]. [[Animals]] do not [[visualize]] [[survival]] after [[death]].

68:3.3 Except for this [[ghost]] [[factor]], all [[society]] was founded on [[fundamental]] needs and basic [[biologic]] urges. But [[ghost]] [[fear]] introduced a new [[factor]] in [[civilization]], a [[fear]] which reaches out and away from the elemental needs of the [[individual]], and which rises far above even the [[struggles]] to [[maintain]] the [[group]]. The dread of the departed [[spirits]] of the [[dead]] brought to [[light]] a new and amazing form of [[fear]], an appalling and [[powerful]] [[terror]], which [[contributed]] to whipping the loose [[social]] orders of early ages into the more thoroughly [[disciplined]] and better [[controlled]] [[primitive]] [[groups]] of ancient times. This senseless [[superstition]], some of which still [[persists]], [[prepared]] the [[minds]] of men, through [[superstitious]] [[fear]] of the unreal and the [[supernatural]], for the later [[discovery]] of "the fear of the Lord which is the beginning of wisdom."[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Proverbs#Proverb_.9] The baseless [[fears]] of [[evolution]] are [[designed]] to be supplanted by the [[awe]] for [[Deity]] [[inspired]] by [[revelation]]. The early [[cult]] of [[ghost]] [[fear]] became a [[powerful]] [[social]] bond, and ever since that far-distant day [[mankind]] has been striving more or less for the [[attainment]] of [[spirituality]].

68:3.3 Except for this [[ghost]] [[factor]], all [[society]] was founded on [[fundamental]] needs and basic [[biologic]] urges. But [[ghost]] [[fear]] introduced a new [[factor]] in [[civilization]], a [[fear]] which reaches out and away from the elemental needs of the [[individual]], and which rises far above even the [[struggles]] to [[maintain]] the [[group]]. The dread of the departed [[spirits]] of the [[dead]] brought to [[light]] a new and amazing form of [[fear]], an appalling and [[powerful]] [[terror]], which [[contributed]] to whipping the loose [[social]] orders of early ages into the more thoroughly [[disciplined]] and better [[controlled]] [[primitive]] [[groups]] of ancient times. This senseless [[superstition]], some of which still [[persists]], [[prepared]] the [[minds]] of men, through [[superstitious]] [[fear]] of the unreal and the [[supernatural]], for the later [[discovery]] of "the fear of the Lord which is the beginning of wisdom."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Proverbs#Proverb_.9] The baseless [[fears]] of [[evolution]] are [[designed]] to be supplanted by the [[awe]] for [[Deity]] [[inspired]] by [[revelation]]. The early [[cult]] of [[ghost]] [[fear]] became a [[powerful]] [[social]] bond, and ever since that far-distant day [[mankind]] has been striving more or less for the [[attainment]] of [[spirituality]].

68:3.4 [[Hunger]] and [[love]] drove men [[together]]; [[vanity]] and [[ghost]] [[fear]] held them [[together]]. But these [[emotions]] alone, without the [[influence]] of [[peace]]-promoting [[revelations]], are unable to [[endure]] the [[strain]] of the [[suspicions]] and irritations of [[human]] [[interassociations]]. Without help from superhuman [[sources]] the strain of [[society]] breaks down upon reaching certain [[limits]], and these very [[influences]] of social mobilization—[[hunger]], [[love]], [[vanity]], and [[fear]]—[[conspire]] to plunge [[mankind]] into [[war]] and bloodshed.

68:3.4 [[Hunger]] and [[love]] drove men [[together]]; [[vanity]] and [[ghost]] [[fear]] held them [[together]]. But these [[emotions]] alone, without the [[influence]] of [[peace]]-promoting [[revelations]], are unable to [[endure]] the [[strain]] of the [[suspicions]] and irritations of [[human]] [[interassociations]]. Without help from superhuman [[sources]] the strain of [[society]] breaks down upon reaching certain [[limits]], and these very [[influences]] of social mobilization—[[hunger]], [[love]], [[vanity]], and [[fear]]—[[conspire]] to plunge [[mankind]] into [[war]] and bloodshed.

68:3.5 The [[peace]] [[tendency]] of the [[human]] [[race]] is not a [[natural]] [[endowment]]; it is derived from the [[teachings]] of [[revealed]] [[religion]], from the accumulated [[experience]] of the [[progressive]] [[races]], but more especially from the [[teachings]] of [[Jesus]], the [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:6._URANTIA.27S_POST-BESTOWAL_AGE Prince of Peace].

68:3.5 The [[peace]] [[tendency]] of the [[human]] [[race]] is not a [[natural]] [[endowment]]; it is derived from the [[teachings]] of [[revealed]] [[religion]], from the accumulated [[experience]] of the [[progressive]] [[races]], but more especially from the [[teachings]] of [[Jesus]], the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:6._URANTIA.27S_POST-BESTOWAL_AGE Prince of Peace].

==68:4. EVOLUTION OF THE MORES==

==68:4. EVOLUTION OF THE MORES==

68:4.1 All [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern modern] [[social]] [[institutions]] arise from the [[evolution]] of the [[primitive]] [[customs]] of your savage [[ancestors]]; the [[conventions]] of today are the [[modified]] and expanded [[customs]] of [[Past|yesterday]]. What [[habit]] is to the [[individual]], [[custom]] is to the [[group]]; and group customs [[develop]] into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore folkways] or [[tribal]] [[traditions]]—mass conventions. From these early beginnings all of the [[institutions]] of present-day [[human]] [[society]] take their [[humble]] [[origin]].

68:4.1 All [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern modern] [[social]] [[institutions]] arise from the [[evolution]] of the [[primitive]] [[customs]] of your savage [[ancestors]]; the [[conventions]] of today are the [[modified]] and expanded [[customs]] of [[Past|yesterday]]. What [[habit]] is to the [[individual]], [[custom]] is to the [[group]]; and group customs [[develop]] into [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore folkways] or [[tribal]] [[traditions]]—mass conventions. From these early beginnings all of the [[institutions]] of present-day [[human]] [[society]] take their [[humble]] [[origin]].

68:4.2 It must be borne in [[mind]] that the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] [[originated]] in an [[effort]] to [[adjust]] [[group]] living to the conditions of mass [[existence]]; the mores were man's first [[social]] [[institution]]. And all of these [[tribal]] [[reactions]] grew out of the [[effort]] to avoid [[pain]] and [[humiliation]] while at the same time seeking to [[enjoy]] [[pleasure]] and [[power]]. The [[origin]] of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore folkways], like the [[origin]] of [[languages]], is always [[unconscious]] and unintentional and therefore always shrouded in [[mystery]].

68:4.2 It must be borne in [[mind]] that the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] [[originated]] in an [[effort]] to [[adjust]] [[group]] living to the conditions of mass [[existence]]; the mores were man's first [[social]] [[institution]]. And all of these [[tribal]] [[reactions]] grew out of the [[effort]] to avoid [[pain]] and [[humiliation]] while at the same time seeking to [[enjoy]] [[pleasure]] and [[power]]. The [[origin]] of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore folkways], like the [[origin]] of [[languages]], is always [[unconscious]] and unintentional and therefore always shrouded in [[mystery]].

68:4.3 [[Ghost]] [[fear]] drove [[primitive]] man to envision the [[supernatural]] and thus securely laid the [[foundations]] for those [[powerful]] [[social]] [[influences]] of [[ethics]] and [[religion]] which in turn preserved inviolate the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] and [[customs]] of [[society]] from [[generation]] to generation. The one [[thing]] which early [[established]] and crystallized the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] was the [[belief]] that the [[dead]] were [[jealous]] of the ways by which they had lived and died; therefore would they visit dire [[punishment]] upon those living [[mortals]] who dared to treat with careless disdain the rules of living which they had [[honored]] when in the [[flesh]]. All this is best [[illustrated]] by the present [[reverence]] of the [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64#64:6._THE_SIX_SANGIK_RACES_OF_URANTIA yellow race] for their [[ancestors]]. Later [[developing]] [[primitive]] [[religion]] greatly reinforced [[ghost]] [[fear]] in [[stabilizing]] the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores], but advancing [[civilization]] has increasingly [[liberated]] [[mankind]] from the bondage of [[fear]] and the [[slavery]] of [[superstition]].

68:4.3 [[Ghost]] [[fear]] drove [[primitive]] man to envision the [[supernatural]] and thus securely laid the [[foundations]] for those [[powerful]] [[social]] [[influences]] of [[ethics]] and [[religion]] which in turn preserved inviolate the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] and [[customs]] of [[society]] from [[generation]] to generation. The one [[thing]] which early [[established]] and crystallized the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] was the [[belief]] that the [[dead]] were [[jealous]] of the ways by which they had lived and died; therefore would they visit dire [[punishment]] upon those living [[mortals]] who dared to treat with careless disdain the rules of living which they had [[honored]] when in the [[flesh]]. All this is best [[illustrated]] by the present [[reverence]] of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64#64:6._THE_SIX_SANGIK_RACES_OF_URANTIA yellow race] for their [[ancestors]]. Later [[developing]] [[primitive]] [[religion]] greatly reinforced [[ghost]] [[fear]] in [[stabilizing]] the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores], but advancing [[civilization]] has increasingly [[liberated]] [[mankind]] from the bondage of [[fear]] and the [[slavery]] of [[superstition]].

68:4.4 Prior to the [[liberating]] and liberalizing instruction of the [[Dalamatia]] [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_66#66:2._THE_PRINCE.27S_STAFF teachers], ancient man was held a helpless [[victim]] of the [[ritual]] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores]; the [[primitive]] savage was hedged about by an endless [[ceremonial]]. Everything he did from the time of [[awakening]] in the morning to the [[moment]] he fell a[[sleep]] in his [[cave]] at night had to be done just so—in [[accordance]] with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore folkways] of the [[tribe]]. He was a [[slave]] to the [[tyranny]] of usage; his life contained nothing [[free]], [[spontaneous]], or [[original]]. There was no [[natural]] [[progress]] toward a higher [[mental]], [[moral]], or [[social]] [[existence]].

68:4.4 Prior to the [[liberating]] and liberalizing instruction of the [[Dalamatia]] [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_66#66:2._THE_PRINCE.27S_STAFF teachers], ancient man was held a helpless [[victim]] of the [[ritual]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores]; the [[primitive]] savage was hedged about by an endless [[ceremonial]]. Everything he did from the time of [[awakening]] in the morning to the [[moment]] he fell a[[sleep]] in his [[cave]] at night had to be done just so—in [[accordance]] with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore folkways] of the [[tribe]]. He was a [[slave]] to the [[tyranny]] of usage; his life contained nothing [[free]], [[spontaneous]], or [[original]]. There was no [[natural]] [[progress]] toward a higher [[mental]], [[moral]], or [[social]] [[existence]].

68:4.5 Early man was mightily gripped by [[custom]]; the [[Primitive|savage]] was a veritable [[slave]] to usage; but there have arisen ever and anon those variations from [[type]] who have dared to [[inaugurate]] new ways of [[thinking]] and improved [[methods]] of living. Nevertheless, the [[inertia]] of [[primitive]] man [[constitutes]] the [[biologic]] safety brake against [[precipitation]] too suddenly into the ruinous maladjustment of a too rapidly advancing [[civilization]].

68:4.5 Early man was mightily gripped by [[custom]]; the [[Primitive|savage]] was a veritable [[slave]] to usage; but there have arisen ever and anon those variations from [[type]] who have dared to [[inaugurate]] new ways of [[thinking]] and improved [[methods]] of living. Nevertheless, the [[inertia]] of [[primitive]] man [[constitutes]] the [[biologic]] safety brake against [[precipitation]] too suddenly into the ruinous maladjustment of a too rapidly advancing [[civilization]].

68:4.6 But these [[customs]] are not an unmitigated [[evil]]; their [[evolution]] should continue. It is nearly [[fatal]] to the continuance of [[civilization]] to undertake their wholesale [[modification]] by [[radical]] [[revolution]]. [[Custom]] has been the thread of [[continuity]] which has held [[civilization]] [[together]]. The path of [[human]] [[history]] is strewn with the remnants of discarded [[customs]] and obsolete [[social]] [[practices]]; but no [[civilization]] has [[endured]] which abandoned its [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] except for the adoption of better and more fit [[customs]].

68:4.6 But these [[customs]] are not an unmitigated [[evil]]; their [[evolution]] should continue. It is nearly [[fatal]] to the continuance of [[civilization]] to undertake their wholesale [[modification]] by [[radical]] [[revolution]]. [[Custom]] has been the thread of [[continuity]] which has held [[civilization]] [[together]]. The path of [[human]] [[history]] is strewn with the remnants of discarded [[customs]] and obsolete [[social]] [[practices]]; but no [[civilization]] has [[endured]] which abandoned its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] except for the adoption of better and more fit [[customs]].

68:4.7 The [[survival]] of a [[society]] depends chiefly on the [[progressive]] [[evolution]] of its [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores]. The [[process]] of [[custom]] [[evolution]] grows out of the [[desire]] for [[experimentation]]; new [[ideas]] are put forward—[[competition]] ensues. A [[progressing]] [[civilization]] [[embraces]] the progressive [[idea]] and [[endures]]; time and circumstance finally select the fitter [[group]] for [[survival]]. But this does not mean that each separate and isolated [[change]] in the [[composition]] of [[human]] [[society]] has been for the better. No! indeed no! for there have been many, many [[retrogression]]s in the long forward [[struggle]] of [[Urantia]] [[civilization]].

68:4.7 The [[survival]] of a [[society]] depends chiefly on the [[progressive]] [[evolution]] of its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores]. The [[process]] of [[custom]] [[evolution]] grows out of the [[desire]] for [[experimentation]]; new [[ideas]] are put forward—[[competition]] ensues. A [[progressing]] [[civilization]] [[embraces]] the progressive [[idea]] and [[endures]]; time and circumstance finally select the fitter [[group]] for [[survival]]. But this does not mean that each separate and isolated [[change]] in the [[composition]] of [[human]] [[society]] has been for the better. No! indeed no! for there have been many, many [[retrogression]]s in the long forward [[struggle]] of [[Urantia]] [[civilization]].

==68:5. LAND TECHNIQUES—MAINTENANCE ARTS==

==68:5. LAND TECHNIQUES—MAINTENANCE ARTS==

68:5.1 [[Land]] is the [[stage]] of [[society]]; [[men]] are the [[actors]]. And man must ever [[adjust]] his [[performances]] to [[conform]] to the [[land]] situation. The [[evolution]] of the [[mores]] is always dependent on the [[land]]-[[man]] [[ratio]]. This is true notwithstanding the [[difficulty]] of its [[discernment]]. Man's [[land]] [[technique]], or [[maintenance]] arts, plus his [[standards]] of living, [[equal]] the sum total of the folkways, the [[mores]]. And the sum of man's [[adjustment]] to the life demands [[equals]] his [[cultural]] [[civilization]].

68:5.1 [[Land]] is the [[stage]] of [[society]]; [[men]] are the [[actors]]. And man must ever [[adjust]] his [[performances]] to [[conform]] to the [[land]] situation. The [[evolution]] of the [[mores]] is always dependent on the [[land]]-[[man]] [[ratio]]. This is true notwithstanding the [[difficulty]] of its [[discernment]]. Man's [[land]] [[technique]], or [[maintenance]] arts, plus his [[standards]] of living, [[equal]] the sum total of the folkways, the [[mores]]. And the sum of man's [[adjustment]] to the life demands [[equals]] his [[cultural]] [[civilization]].

68:5.2 The earliest [[human]] [[cultures]] arose along the [[rivers]] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere], and there were four great steps in the forward march of [[civilization]]. They were:

68:5.2 The earliest [[human]] [[cultures]] arose along the [[rivers]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere], and there were four great steps in the forward march of [[civilization]]. They were:

*1. 68:5.3 ''The collection stage''. [[Food]] [[coercion]], [[hunger]], led to the first [[form]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industrial] [[organization]], the [[primitive]] food-gathering lines. Sometimes such a line of [[hunger]] march would be ten miles long as it passed over the [[land]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning gleaning] [[food]]. This was the [[primitive]] [[nomadic]] [[stage]] of [[culture]] and is the mode of life now followed by the African [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen Bushmen].

*1. 68:5.3 ''The collection stage''. [[Food]] [[coercion]], [[hunger]], led to the first [[form]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industrial] [[organization]], the [[primitive]] food-gathering lines. Sometimes such a line of [[hunger]] march would be ten miles long as it passed over the [[land]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning gleaning] [[food]]. This was the [[primitive]] [[nomadic]] [[stage]] of [[culture]] and is the mode of life now followed by the African [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen Bushmen].

*2. 68:5.4 ''The hunting stage''. The [[invention]] of weapon [[tools]] enabled man to become a [[hunter]] and thus to gain considerable [[freedom]] from [[food]] [[slavery]]. A thoughtful [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_63#63:5._DISPERSION_OF_THE_ANDONITES Andonite] who had severely bruised his fist in a serious combat rediscovered the [[idea]] of using a long stick for his arm and a piece of hard [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint flint], bound on the end with sinews, for his fist. Many [[tribes]] made [[independent]] [[discoveries]] of this sort, and these various [[forms]] of hammers [[represented]] one of the great forward steps in [[human]] [[civilization]]. Today some Australian [[natives]] have progressed little beyond this [[stage]].

*2. 68:5.4 ''The hunting stage''. The [[invention]] of weapon [[tools]] enabled man to become a [[hunter]] and thus to gain considerable [[freedom]] from [[food]] [[slavery]]. A thoughtful [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_63#63:5._DISPERSION_OF_THE_ANDONITES Andonite] who had severely bruised his fist in a serious combat rediscovered the [[idea]] of using a long stick for his arm and a piece of hard [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint flint], bound on the end with sinews, for his fist. Many [[tribes]] made [[independent]] [[discoveries]] of this sort, and these various [[forms]] of hammers [[represented]] one of the great forward steps in [[human]] [[civilization]]. Today some Australian [[natives]] have progressed little beyond this [[stage]].

68:5.5 The blue men became expert [[hunters]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_trapping trappers]; by fencing the [[rivers]] they caught fish in great [[numbers]], drying the surplus for [[winter]] use. Many [[forms]] of ingenious snares and traps were employed in catching game, but the more [[primitive]] races did not hunt the larger [[animals]].

68:5.5 The blue men became expert [[hunters]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_trapping trappers]; by fencing the [[rivers]] they caught fish in great [[numbers]], drying the surplus for [[winter]] use. Many [[forms]] of ingenious snares and traps were employed in catching game, but the more [[primitive]] races did not hunt the larger [[animals]].

*3. 68:5.6 3. ''The pastoral stage''. This phase of [[civilization]] was made possible by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication domestication] of [[animals]]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab Arabs] and the [[natives]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] are among the more recent pastoral peoples.

*3. 68:5.6 3. ''The pastoral stage''. This phase of [[civilization]] was made possible by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication domestication] of [[animals]]. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab Arabs] and the [[natives]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] are among the more recent pastoral peoples.

68:5.7 Pastoral living afforded further relief from [[food]] [[slavery]]; man learned to live on the interest of his capital, the increase in his flocks; and this provided more [[leisure]] for [[culture]] and [[progress]].

68:5.7 Pastoral living afforded further relief from [[food]] [[slavery]]; man learned to live on the interest of his capital, the increase in his flocks; and this provided more [[leisure]] for [[culture]] and [[progress]].

68:5.8 Prepastoral [[society]] was one of [[sex]] [[co-operation]], but the spread of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry animal husbandry] reduced [[women]] to the depths of [[social]] [[slavery]]. In earlier times it was man's [[duty]] to secure the [[animal]] [[food]], woman's business to provide the [[vegetable]] edibles. Therefore, when man entered the pastoral era of his [[existence]], woman's [[dignity]] fell greatly. She must still toil to produce the [[vegetable]] [[necessities]] of life, whereas the man need only go to his herds to provide an [[abundance]] of [[animal]] [[food]]. Man thus became [[relatively]] [[independent]] of woman; throughout the entire pastoral age [[woman]]'s [[status]] steadily declined. By the close of this era she had become scarcely more than a [[human]] [[animal]], consigned to [[work]] and to bear [[human]] [[offspring]], much as the [[animals]] of the herd were expected to [[labor]] and bring forth young. The men of the pastoral ages had great [[love]] for their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle cattle]; all the more [[pity]] they could not have [[developed]] a deeper [[affection]] for their [[wives]].

68:5.8 Prepastoral [[society]] was one of [[sex]] [[co-operation]], but the spread of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry animal husbandry] reduced [[women]] to the depths of [[social]] [[slavery]]. In earlier times it was man's [[duty]] to secure the [[animal]] [[food]], woman's business to provide the [[vegetable]] edibles. Therefore, when man entered the pastoral era of his [[existence]], woman's [[dignity]] fell greatly. She must still toil to produce the [[vegetable]] [[necessities]] of life, whereas the man need only go to his herds to provide an [[abundance]] of [[animal]] [[food]]. Man thus became [[relatively]] [[independent]] of woman; throughout the entire pastoral age [[woman]]'s [[status]] steadily declined. By the close of this era she had become scarcely more than a [[human]] [[animal]], consigned to [[work]] and to bear [[human]] [[offspring]], much as the [[animals]] of the herd were expected to [[labor]] and bring forth young. The men of the pastoral ages had great [[love]] for their [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle cattle]; all the more [[pity]] they could not have [[developed]] a deeper [[affection]] for their [[wives]].

    

    

*4. 68:5.9 4. ''The agricultural stage''. This era was brought about by the domestication of plants, and it represents the highest type of material civilization. Both Caligastia and Adam endeavored to teach horticulture and agriculture. Adam and Eve were gardeners, not shepherds, and gardening was an advanced culture in those days. The growing of plants exerts an ennobling influence on all races of mankind.

*4. 68:5.9 4. ''The agricultural stage''. This era was brought about by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication domestication] of [[plants]], and it [[represents]] the highest type of [[material]] [[civilization]]. Both [[Caligastia]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Adam] endeavored to teach [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture horticulture] and [[agriculture]]. [[Adam and Eve]] were gardeners, not shepherds, and gardening was an advanced [[culture]] in those days. The growing of [[plants]] exerts an ennobling [[influence]] on all [[races]] of [[mankind]].

68:5.10 Agriculture more than quadrupled the land-man ratio of the world. It may be combined with the pastoral pursuits of the former cultural stage. When the three stages overlap, men hunt and women till the soil.

68:5.10 [[Agriculture]] more than quadrupled the [[land]]-[[man]] [[ratio]] of the world. It may be combined with the pastoral pursuits of the former cultural stage. When the three stages overlap, [[men]] [[hunt]] and [[women]] till the [[soil]].

68:5.11 There has always been friction between the herders and the tillers of the soil. The hunter and herder were militant, warlike; the agriculturist is a more peace-loving type. Association with animals suggests struggle and force; association with plants instills patience, quiet, and peace. Agriculture and industrialism are the activities of peace. But the weakness of both, as world social activities, is that they lack excitement and adventure.

68:5.11 There has always been [[friction]] between the herders and the tillers of the soil. The [[hunter]] and herder were militant, [[war]]like; the agriculturist is a more [[peace]]-loving type. [[Association]] with [[animals]] suggests [[struggle]] and [[force]]; association with [[plants]] instills [[patience]], [[quiet]], and [[peace]]. [[Agriculture]] and industrialism are the [[activities]] of [[peace]]. But the weakness of both, as world [[social]] [[activities]], is that they lack excitement and [[adventure]].

68:5.12 Human society has evolved from the hunting stage through that of the herders to the territorial stage of agriculture. And each stage of this progressive civilization was accompanied by less and less of nomadism; more and more man began to live at home.

68:5.12 [[Human]] [[society]] has evolved from the [[hunting]] [[stage]] through that of the herders to the territorial stage of [[agriculture]]. And each stage of this [[progressive]] [[civilization]] was accompanied by less and less of [[nomadism]]; more and more man began to live at [[home]].

68:5.13 And now is industry supplementing agriculture, with consequently increased urbanization and multiplication of nonagricultural groups of citizenship classes. But an industrial era cannot hope to survive if its leaders fail to recognize that even the highest social developments must ever rest upon a sound agricultural basis.

68:5.13 And now is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry] supplementing [[agriculture]], with consequently increased [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization urbanization] and multiplication of nonagricultural [[groups]] of [[citizenship]] classes. But an industrial era cannot [[hope]] to [[survive]] if its [[leaders]] fail to [[recognize]] that even the highest [[social]] [[developments]] must ever rest upon a sound [[agricultural]] basis.

==68:6. EVOLUTION OF CULTURE==

==68:6. EVOLUTION OF CULTURE==

68:6.1 Man is a creature of the soil, a child of nature; no matter how earnestly he may try to escape from the land, in the last reckoning he is certain to fail. " Dust you are and to dust shall you return " is literally true of all mankind. The basic struggle of man was, and is, and ever shall be, for land. The first social associations of primitive human beings were for the purpose of winning these land struggles. The land-man ratio underlies all social civilization.

68:6.1 [[Man]] is a [[creature]] of the [[soil]], a child of [[nature]]; no matter how [[earnestly]] he may try to [[escape]] from the [[land]], in the last reckoning he is certain to fail. "Dust you are and to dust shall you return"[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/] is [[literally]] true of all [[mankind]]. The basic [[struggle]] of man was, and is, and ever shall be, for [[land]]. The first [[social]] [[associations]] of [[primitive]] [[human being]]s were for the [[purpose]] of winning these [[land]] struggles. The [[land]]-[[man]] [[ratio]] underlies all [[social]] [[civilization]].

68:6.2 Man's intelligence, by means of the arts and sciences, increased the land yield; at the same time the natural increase in offspring was somewhat brought under control, and thus was provided the sustenance and leisure to build a cultural civilization.

68:6.2 Man's [[intelligence]], by means of [[the arts]] and [[sciences]], increased the [[land]] yield; at the same time the [[natural]] increase in [[offspring]] was somewhat brought under [[control]], and thus was provided the sustenance and [[leisure]] to build a [[cultural]] [[civilization]].

68:6.3 Human society is controlled by a law which decrees that the population must vary directly in accordance with the land arts and inversely with a given standard of living. Throughout these early ages, even more than at present, the law of supply and demand as concerned men and land determined the estimated value of both. During the times of plentiful land—unoccupied territory—the need for men was great, and therefore the value of human life was much enhanced; hence the loss of life was more horrifying. During periods of land scarcity and associated overpopulation, human life became comparatively cheapened so that war, famine, and pestilence were regarded with less concern.

68:6.3 [[Human]] [[society]] is [[controlled]] by a [[law]] which [[decrees]] that the [[population]] must vary directly in [[accordance]] with the [[land]] [[arts]] and [[inversely]] with a given [[standard]] of living. Throughout these early ages, even more than at present, the [[law]] of supply and demand as concerned men and [[land]] determined the estimated [[value]] of both. During the times of plentiful land—unoccupied territory—the need for men was great, and therefore the [[value]] of human life was much enhanced; hence the loss of life was more horrifying. During periods of [[land]] [[scarcity]] and [[associated]] overpopulation, human life became comparatively cheapened so that [[war]], [famine]], and [[pestilence]] were regarded with less concern.

68:6.4 When the land yield is reduced or the population is increased, the inevitable struggle is renewed; the very worst traits of human nature are brought to the surface. The improvement of the land yield, the extension of the mechanical arts, and the reduction of population all tend to foster the development of the better side of human nature.

68:6.4 When the [[land]] yield is reduced or the [[population]] is increased, the [[inevitable]] [[struggle]] is renewed; the very worst traits of [[human]] [[nature]] are brought to the [[surface]]. The improvement of the [[land]] yield, the extension of the [[mechanical]] arts, and the reduction of [[population]] all tend to foster the [[development]] of the better side of [[human]] [[nature]].

68:6.5 Frontier society develops the unskilled side of humanity; the fine arts and true scientific progress, together with spiritual culture, have all thrived best in the larger centers of life when supported by an agricultural and industrial population slightly under the land-man ratio. Cities always multiply the power of their inhabitants for either good or evil.

68:6.5 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier Frontier] [[society]] [[develops]] the unskilled side of [[humanity]]; the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_arts fine art]s and true [[scientific]] [[progress]], [[together]] with [[spiritual]] [[culture]], have all thrived best in the larger [[centers]] of life when [[supported]] by an [[agricultural]] and industrial [[population]] slightly under the land-man ratio. [[Cities]] always multiply the [[power]] of their [[inhabitants]] for either [[good]] or [[evil]].

68:6.6 The size of the family has always been influenced by the standards of living. The higher the standard the smaller the family, up to the point of established status or gradual extinction.

68:6.6 The size of the [[family]] has always been [[influenced]] by the [[standards]] of living. The higher the standard the smaller the [[family]], up to the point of [[established]] [[status]] or [[gradual]] [[extinction]].

68:6.7 All down through the ages the standards of living have determined the quality of a surviving population in contrast with mere quantity. Local class standards of living give origin to new social castes, new mores. When standards of living become too complicated or too highly luxurious, they speedily become suicidal. Caste is the direct result of the high social pressure of keen competition produced by dense populations.

68:6.7 All down through the ages the standards of living have [[determined]] the [[quality]] of a [[surviving]] [[population]] in [[contrast]] with mere [[quantity]]. Local class standards of living give [[origin]] to new [[social]] [[castes]], new [[mores]]. When standards of living become too [[complicated]] or too highly [[luxurious]], they speedily become [[suicidal]]. [[Caste]] is the direct result of the high [[social]] [[pressure]] of keen [[competition]] produced by dense [[populations]].

68:6.8 The early races often resorted to practices designed to restrict population; all primitive tribes killed deformed and sickly children. Girl babies were frequently killed before the times of wife purchase. Children were sometimes strangled at birth, but the favorite method was exposure. The father of twins usually insisted that one be killed since multiple births were believed to be caused either by magic or by infidelity. As a rule, however, twins of the same sex were spared. While these taboos on twins were once well-nigh universal, they were never a part of the Andonite mores; these peoples always regarded twins as omens of good luck.

68:6.8 The early races often resorted to [[practices]] designed to restrict [[population]]; all [[primitive]] [[tribes]] killed deformed and sickly [[children]]. Girl babies were frequently killed before the times of [[wife]] purchase. [[Children]] were sometimes strangled at [[birth]], but the favorite [[method]] was exposure. The [[father]] of twins usually insisted that one be killed since multiple [[births]] were believed to be caused either by [[magic]] or by infidelity. As a rule, however, twins of the same [[sex]] were spared. While these [[taboos]] on twins were once well-nigh [[universal]], they were never a part of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Andonite] [[mores]]; these peoples always regarded twins as omens of [[good]] [[luck]].

68:6.9 Many races learned the technique of abortion, and this practice became very common after the establishment of the taboo on childbirth among the unmarried. It was long the custom for a maiden to kill her offspring, but among more civilized groups these illegitimate children became the wards of the girl's mother. Many primitive clans were virtually exterminated by the practice of both abortion and infanticide. But regardless of the dictates of the mores, very few children were ever destroyed after having once been suckled—maternal affection is too strong.

68:6.9 Many [[races]] learned the [[technique]] of [[abortion]], and this [[practice]] became very common after the [[establishment]] of the [[taboo]] on childbirth among the unmarried. It was long the [[custom]] for a maiden to kill her offspring, but among more civilized [[groups]] these illegitimate [[children]] became the wards of the girl's [[mother]]. Many [[primitive]] [[clans]] were [[virtually]] [[exterminated]] by the [[practice]] of both [[abortion]] and infanticide. But regardless of the dictates of the [[mores]], very few [[children]] were ever destroyed after having once been suckled—[[maternal]] [[affection]] is too strong.

68:6.10 Even in the twentieth century there persist remnants of these primitive population controls. There is a tribe in Australia whose mothers refuse to rear more than two or three children. Not long since, one cannibalistic tribe ate every fifth child born. In Madagascar some tribes still destroy all children born on certain unlucky days, resulting in the death of about twenty-five per cent of all babies.

68:6.10 Even in the twentieth century there persist remnants of these [[primitive]] [[population]] [[controls]]. There is a [[tribe]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia] whose [[mothers]] refuse to rear more than two or three [[children]]. Not long since, one [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalism cannibalistic] [[tribe]] ate every fifth child born. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar Madagascar] some [[tribes]] still destroy all [[children]] born on certain unlucky days, resulting in the [[death]] of about twenty-five per cent of all babies.

68:6.11 From a world standpoint, overpopulation has never been a serious problem in the past, but if war is lessened and science increasingly controls human diseases, it may become a serious problem in the near future. At such a time the great test of the wisdom of world leadership will present itself. Will Urantia rulers have the insight and courage to foster the multiplication of the average or stabilized human being instead of the extremes of the supernormal and the enormously increasing groups of the subnormal? The normal man should be fostered; he is the backbone of civilization and the source of the mutant geniuses of the race. The subnormal man should be kept under society's control; no more should be produced than are required to administer the lower levels of industry, those tasks requiring intelligence above the animal level but making such low-grade demands as to prove veritable slavery and bondage for the higher types of mankind.

68:6.11 From a world [[standpoint]], overpopulation has never been a serious [[problem]] in the past, but if [[war]] is lessened and [[science]] increasingly [[controls]] [[human]] [[diseases]], it may become a serious [[problem]] in the near [[future]]. At such a time the great test of the [[wisdom]] of world [[leadership]] will present itself. Will [[Urantia]] rulers have the [[insight]] and [[courage]] to foster the multiplication of the [[average]] or [[stabilized]] [[human being]] instead of the extremes of the supernormal and the enormously increasing groups of the subnormal? The [[normal]] man should be fostered; he is the backbone of [[civilization]] and the [[source]] of the [[mutant]] [[geniuses]] of the [[race]]. The subnormal man should be kept under [[society]]'s [[control]]; no more should be produced than are required to [[administer]] the lower levels of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry], those tasks requiring [[intelligence]] above the [[animal]] level but making such low-grade demands as to [[prove]] veritable [[slavery]] and bondage for the higher types of [[mankind]].

68:6.12 Presented by a [[Melchizedek]] sometime stationed on [[Urantia]].

68:6.12 Presented by a [[Melchizedek]] sometime stationed on [[Urantia]].

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[[Category: PART III: The History of Urantia]]

[[Category: PART III: The History of Urantia]]