Changes

69:1.2 [[Human]] [[institutions]] are of three general classes:

69:1.2 [[Human]] [[institutions]] are of three general classes:

*1. 69:1.3 ''The institutions of self-maintenance''. These institutions [[embrace]] those [[practices]] growing out of [[food]] [[hunger]] and its associated [[instincts]] of self-preservation. They include [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry], [[property]], [[war]] for [[Profit|gain]], and all the regulative [[machine]]ry of [[society]]. Sooner or later the [[fear]] [[instinct]] fosters the [[establishment]] of these [[institutions]] of [[survival]] by means of [[taboo]], [[convention]], and [[religious]] [[sanction]]. But [[fear]], [[ignorance]], and [[superstition]] have played a prominent part in the early [[origin]] and subsequent [[development]] of all human [[institutions]].

*1. 69:1.3 ''The institutions of self-maintenance''. These institutions [[embrace]] those [[practices]] growing out of [[food]] [[hunger]] and its associated [[instincts]] of self-preservation. They include [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry], [[property]], [[war]] for [[Profit|gain]], and all the regulative [[machine]]ry of [[society]]. Sooner or later the [[fear]] [[instinct]] fosters the [[establishment]] of these [[institutions]] of [[survival]] by means of [[taboo]], [[convention]], and [[religious]] [[sanction]]. But [[fear]], [[ignorance]], and [[superstition]] have played a prominent part in the early [[origin]] and subsequent [[development]] of all human [[institutions]].

*2. 69:1.4 ''The institutions of self-perpetuation''. These are the [[establishment]]s of [[society]] growing out of [[sex]] [[hunger]], [[maternal]] [[instinct]], and the higher tender [[emotions]] of the [[races]]. They [[embrace]] the [[social]] safeguards of the [[home]] and the school, of [[family]] life, [[education]], [[ethics]], and [[religion]]. They include [[marriage]] [[customs]], [[war]] for [[defense]], and [[home]] building.

*2. 69:1.4 ''The institutions of self-perpetuation''. These are the [[establishment]]s of [[society]] growing out of [[sex]] [[hunger]], [[maternal]] [[instinct]], and the higher tender [[emotions]] of the [[races]]. They [[embrace]] the [[social]] safeguards of the [[home]] and the school, of [[family]] life, [[education]], [[ethics]], and [[religion]]. They include [[marriage]] [[customs]], [[war]] for [[defense]], and [[home]] building.

*3. 69:1.5 ''The institutions of self-gratification''. These are the [[practices]] growing out of [[vanity]] proclivities and [[pride]] [[emotions]]; and they [[embrace]] [[customs]] in [[dress]] and [[personal]] adornment, [[social]] usages, [[war]] for [[glory]], [[dancing]], amusement, [[games]], and other phases of sensual gratification. But [[civilization]] has never evolved distinctive institutions of [[self-gratification]].

*3. 69:1.5 ''The institutions of self-gratification''. These are the [[practices]] growing out of [[vanity]] proclivities and [[pride]] [[emotions]]; and they [[embrace]] [[customs]] in [[dress]] and [[personal]] adornment, [[social]] usages, [[war]] for [[glory]], [[dancing]], amusement, [[games]], and other phases of sensual gratification. But [[civilization]] has never evolved distinctive institutions of [[self-gratification]].

==69:2. THE DAWN OF INDUSTRY==

==69:2. THE DAWN OF INDUSTRY==

69:2.1 [[Primitive]] [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry] slowly grew up as an insurance against the [[terrors]] of [[famine]]. Early in his [[existence]] man began to draw lessons from some of the [[animals]] that, during a [[harvest]] of plenty, store up [[food]] against the days of [[scarcity]].

69:2.1 [[Primitive]] [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry] slowly grew up as an insurance against the [[terrors]] of [[famine]]. Early in his [[existence]] man began to draw lessons from some of the [[animals]] that, during a [[harvest]] of plenty, store up [[food]] against the days of [[scarcity]].

69:2.2 Before the [[dawn]] of early [[frugality]] and [[primitive]] [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry] the lot of the [[average]] [[tribe]] was one of destitution and real [[suffering]]. Early man had to [[compete]] with the whole [[animal]] world for his [[food]]. [[Competition]]-[[gravity]] ever pulls man down toward the beast level; [[poverty]] is his [[natural]] and [[tyrannical]] estate. [[Wealth]] is not a [[natural]] gift; it results from [[labor]], [[knowledge]], and [[organization]].

69:2.2 Before the [[dawn]] of early [[frugality]] and [[primitive]] [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry] the lot of the [[average]] [[tribe]] was one of destitution and real [[suffering]]. Early man had to [[compete]] with the whole [[animal]] world for his [[food]]. [[Competition]]-[[gravity]] ever pulls man down toward the beast level; [[poverty]] is his [[natural]] and [[tyrannical]] estate. [[Wealth]] is not a [[natural]] gift; it results from [[labor]], [[knowledge]], and [[organization]].

69:2.3 [[Primitive]] man was not slow to [[recognize]] the advantages of [[association]]. Association led to [[organization]], and the first result of organization was division of [[labor]], with its [[immediate]] saving of [[time]] and [[materials]]. These specializations of [[labor]] arose by [[adaptation]] to [[pressure]]—pursuing the paths of lessened [[resistance]]. [[Primitive]] savages never did any real [[work]] cheerfully or willingly. With them [[conformity]] was due to the [[coercion]] of [[necessity]].

69:2.3 [[Primitive]] man was not slow to [[recognize]] the advantages of [[association]]. Association led to [[organization]], and the first result of organization was division of [[labor]], with its [[immediate]] saving of [[time]] and [[materials]]. These specializations of [[labor]] arose by [[adaptation]] to [[pressure]]—pursuing the paths of lessened [[resistance]]. [[Primitive]] savages never did any real [[work]] cheerfully or willingly. With them [[conformity]] was due to the [[coercion]] of [[necessity]].

69:2.4 [[Primitive]] man disliked hard [[work]], and he would not hurry unless confronted by grave [[danger]]. The [[time]] element in [[labor]], the [[idea]] of doing a given task within a certain [[time]] [[limit]], is entirely a [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern modern] notion. The ancients were never rushed. It was the double demands of the [[intense]] [[struggle]] for [[existence]] and of the ever-advancing [[standards]] of living that drove the [[naturally]] inactive [[races]] of early man into avenues of industry.

69:2.4 [[Primitive]] man disliked hard [[work]], and he would not hurry unless confronted by grave [[danger]]. The [[time]] element in [[labor]], the [[idea]] of doing a given task within a certain [[time]] [[limit]], is entirely a [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern modern] notion. The ancients were never rushed. It was the double demands of the [[intense]] [[struggle]] for [[existence]] and of the ever-advancing [[standards]] of living that drove the [[naturally]] inactive [[races]] of early man into avenues of industry.

69:2.5 [[Labor]], the efforts of [[design]], distinguishes man from the [[beast]], whose exertions are largely [[instinctive]]. The [[necessity]] for [[labor]] is man's paramount [[blessing]]. The Prince's staff all worked; they did much to ennoble [[physical]] [[labor]] on [[Urantia]]. [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_74 Adam] was a gardener; the [[God]] of the [[Hebrews]] labored—he was the [[creator]] and upholder of all [[things]]. The [[Hebrews]] were the first [[tribe]] to put a supreme premium on [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry]; they were the first people to [[decree]] that "he who does not work shall not eat."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=2nd_Letter_of_Paul_to_the_Thessalonians] But many of the [[religions]] of the world reverted to the early [[ideal]] of idleness. [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter Jupiter] was a reveler, and [[Buddha]] became a [[reflective]] devotee of [[leisure]].

69:2.5 [[Labor]], the efforts of [[design]], distinguishes man from the [[beast]], whose exertions are largely [[instinctive]]. The [[necessity]] for [[labor]] is man's paramount [[blessing]]. The Prince's staff all worked; they did much to ennoble [[physical]] [[labor]] on [[Urantia]]. [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_74 Adam] was a gardener; the [[God]] of the [[Hebrews]] labored—he was the [[creator]] and upholder of all [[things]]. The [[Hebrews]] were the first [[tribe]] to put a supreme premium on [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry]; they were the first people to [[decree]] that "he who does not work shall not eat."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=2nd_Letter_of_Paul_to_the_Thessalonians] But many of the [[religions]] of the world reverted to the early [[ideal]] of idleness. [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter Jupiter] was a reveler, and [[Buddha]] became a [[reflective]] devotee of [[leisure]].

69:2.6 The [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64#64:6._THE_SIX_SANGIK_RACES_OF_URANTIA Sangik tribes] were fairly industrious when residing away from the tropics. But there was a long, long [[struggle]] between the lazy devotees of [[magic]] and the [[apostles]] of [[work]]—those who exercised [[foresight]].

69:2.6 The [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64#64:6._THE_SIX_SANGIK_RACES_OF_URANTIA Sangik tribes] were fairly industrious when residing away from the tropics. But there was a long, long [[struggle]] between the lazy devotees of [[magic]] and the [[apostles]] of [[work]]—those who exercised [[foresight]].

69:2.7 The first [[human]] [[foresight]] was directed toward the preservation of [[fire]], [[water]], and [[food]]. But [[primitive]] man was a natural-born gambler; he always wanted to get something for nothing, and all too often during these early times the success which accrued from [[patient]] [[practice]] was attributed to [[charms]]. [[Magic]] was slow to give way before [[foresight]], self-denial, and [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry].

69:2.7 The first [[human]] [[foresight]] was directed toward the preservation of [[fire]], [[water]], and [[food]]. But [[primitive]] man was a natural-born gambler; he always wanted to get something for nothing, and all too often during these early times the success which accrued from [[patient]] [[practice]] was attributed to [[charms]]. [[Magic]] was slow to give way before [[foresight]], self-denial, and [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry].

==69:3. THE SPECIALIZATION OF LABOR==

==69:3. THE SPECIALIZATION OF LABOR==

69:3.3 All down through the ages the [[taboos]] have operated to keep [[woman]] strictly in her own field. Man has most selfishly [[chosen]] the more agreeable [[work]], leaving the [[routine]] drudgery to [[woman]]. Man has always been [[ashamed]] to do woman's work, but woman has never shown any reluctance to doing man's [[work]]. But strange to record, both [[men]] and [[women]] have always worked [[together]] in building and furnishing the [[home]].

69:3.3 All down through the ages the [[taboos]] have operated to keep [[woman]] strictly in her own field. Man has most selfishly [[chosen]] the more agreeable [[work]], leaving the [[routine]] drudgery to [[woman]]. Man has always been [[ashamed]] to do woman's work, but woman has never shown any reluctance to doing man's [[work]]. But strange to record, both [[men]] and [[women]] have always worked [[together]] in building and furnishing the [[home]].

    

    

*2. 69:3.4 2. ''Modification consequent upon age and disease''. These [[differences]] determined the next division of [[labor]]. The old men and cripples were early set to work making [[tools]] and weapons. They were later assigned to building [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation irrigation] works.

*2. 69:3.4 2. ''Modification consequent upon age and disease''. These [[differences]] determined the next division of [[labor]]. The old men and cripples were early set to work making [[tools]] and weapons. They were later assigned to building [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation irrigation] works.

    

    

*3. 69:3.5 3. ''Differentiation based on religion''. The [[Shaman|medicine men]] were the first [[human beings]] to be exempted from [[physical]] toil; they were the [[pioneer]] [[professional]] class. The smiths were a small group who [[competed]] with the medicine men as [[magicians]]. Their [[skill]] in [[working]] with [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals metals] made the people afraid of them. The "white smiths" and the "black smiths" gave [[origin]] to the early [[beliefs]] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Treatise_on_White_Magic white] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_magic black magic]. And this [[belief]] later became involved in the [[superstition]] of [[good]] and [[Evil|bad]] [[ghosts]], good and bad [[spirits]].

*3. 69:3.5 3. ''Differentiation based on religion''. The [[Shaman|medicine men]] were the first [[human beings]] to be exempted from [[physical]] toil; they were the [[pioneer]] [[professional]] class. The smiths were a small group who [[competed]] with the medicine men as [[magicians]]. Their [[skill]] in [[working]] with [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals metals] made the people afraid of them. The "white smiths" and the "black smiths" gave [[origin]] to the early [[beliefs]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Treatise_on_White_Magic white] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_magic black magic]. And this [[belief]] later became involved in the [[superstition]] of [[good]] and [[Evil|bad]] [[ghosts]], good and bad [[spirits]].

69:3.6 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithing Smiths] were the first [[Secular|nonreligious]] [[group]] to enjoy special [[privileges]]. They were regarded as neutrals during [[war]], and this extra [[leisure]] led to their becoming, as a class, the [[politicians]] of [[primitive]] [[society]]. But through gross [[abuse]] of these [[privileges]] the smiths became [[universally]] hated, and the [[medicine men]] lost no time in fostering hatred for their [[competitors]]. In this first [[contest]] between [[science]] and [[religion]], religion ([[superstition]]) won. After being driven out of the villages, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithing smiths] [[maintained]] the first inns, [[public]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inns lodginghouses], on the outskirts of the settlements.

69:3.6 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithing Smiths] were the first [[Secular|nonreligious]] [[group]] to enjoy special [[privileges]]. They were regarded as neutrals during [[war]], and this extra [[leisure]] led to their becoming, as a class, the [[politicians]] of [[primitive]] [[society]]. But through gross [[abuse]] of these [[privileges]] the smiths became [[universally]] hated, and the [[medicine men]] lost no time in fostering hatred for their [[competitors]]. In this first [[contest]] between [[science]] and [[religion]], religion ([[superstition]]) won. After being driven out of the villages, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithing smiths] [[maintained]] the first inns, [[public]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inns lodginghouses], on the outskirts of the settlements.

    

    

*4. 69:3.7 4. ''Master and slave''. The next [[differentiation]] of [[labor]] grew out of the [[relations]] of the [[conquer]]or to the conquered, and that meant the beginning of [[human]] [[slavery]].

*4. 69:3.7 4. ''Master and slave''. The next [[differentiation]] of [[labor]] grew out of the [[relations]] of the [[conquer]]or to the conquered, and that meant the beginning of [[human]] [[slavery]].

*5. 69:3.8 5. ''Differentiation based on diverse physical and mental endowments''. Further divisions of labor were [[favored]] by the [[inherent]] [[differences]] in men; all [[human]] [[beings]] are not [[born]] [[equal]].

*5. 69:3.8 5. ''Differentiation based on diverse physical and mental endowments''. Further divisions of labor were [[favored]] by the [[inherent]] [[differences]] in men; all [[human]] [[beings]] are not [[born]] [[equal]].

69:3.9 The early specialists in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry] were the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint flint] flakers and stonemasons; next came the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithing smiths]. Subsequently [[group]] specialization [[developed]]; whole [[families]] and [[clans]] [[dedicated]] themselves to certain sorts of [[labor]]. The [[origin]] of one of the earliest [[castes]] of [[priests]], apart from the [[tribal]] [[medicine men]], was due to the [[superstitious]] exaltation of a [[family]] of expert [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swords swordmakers].

69:3.9 The early specialists in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry] were the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint flint] flakers and stonemasons; next came the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithing smiths]. Subsequently [[group]] specialization [[developed]]; whole [[families]] and [[clans]] [[dedicated]] themselves to certain sorts of [[labor]]. The [[origin]] of one of the earliest [[castes]] of [[priests]], apart from the [[tribal]] [[medicine men]], was due to the [[superstitious]] exaltation of a [[family]] of expert [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swords swordmakers].

69:3.10 The first [[group]] specialists in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry] were [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_salt rock salt] exporters and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery potters]. Women made the plain pottery and men the fancy. Among some [[tribes]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing sewing] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving weaving] were done by [[women]], in others by the [[men]].

69:3.10 The first [[group]] specialists in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry] were [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_salt rock salt] exporters and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery potters]. Women made the plain pottery and men the fancy. Among some [[tribes]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing sewing] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving weaving] were done by [[women]], in others by the [[men]].

69:3.11 The early traders were [[women]]; they were employed as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spies spies], carrying on [[commerce]] as a side line. Presently trade expanded, the women acting as [[intermediaries]]—jobbers. Then came the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant merchant] class, charging a commission, [[profit]], for their [[services]]. [[Growth]] of [[group]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter barter] [[developed]] into [[commerce]]; and following the exchange of commodities came the exchange of [[skill]]ed [[labor]].

69:3.11 The early traders were [[women]]; they were employed as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spies spies], carrying on [[commerce]] as a side line. Presently trade expanded, the women acting as [[intermediaries]]—jobbers. Then came the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant merchant] class, charging a commission, [[profit]], for their [[services]]. [[Growth]] of [[group]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter barter] [[developed]] into [[commerce]]; and following the exchange of commodities came the exchange of [[skill]]ed [[labor]].

==69:4. THE BEGINNINGS OF TRADE==

==69:4. THE BEGINNINGS OF TRADE==

69:4.1 Just as [[marriage]] by contract followed marriage by [[Conquest|capture]], so trade by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter barter] followed seizure by raids. But a long period of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy piracy] [[intervened]] between the early [[practices]] of silent barter and the later [[trade]] by modern exchange [[methods]].

69:4.1 Just as [[marriage]] by contract followed marriage by [[Conquest|capture]], so trade by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter barter] followed seizure by raids. But a long period of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy piracy] [[intervened]] between the early [[practices]] of silent barter and the later [[trade]] by modern exchange [[methods]].

69:4.2 The first [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter barter] was conducted by armed traders who would leave their [[Things|goods]] on a neutral spot. [[Women]] held the first [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market markets]; they were the earliest traders, and this was because they were the burden bearers; the [[men]] were [[warriors]]. Very early the trading counter was [[developed]], a wall wide enough to prevent the traders reaching each other with weapons.

69:4.2 The first [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter barter] was conducted by armed traders who would leave their [[Things|goods]] on a neutral spot. [[Women]] held the first [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market markets]; they were the earliest traders, and this was because they were the burden bearers; the [[men]] were [[warriors]]. Very early the trading counter was [[developed]], a wall wide enough to prevent the traders reaching each other with weapons.

69:4.3 A [[fetish]] was used to stand guard over the deposits of [[Things|goods]] for silent [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter barter]. Such market places were [[secure]] against theft; nothing would be removed except by barter or purchase; with a [[fetish]] on guard the goods were always safe. The early traders were scrupulously [[honest]] within their own [[tribes]] but regarded it as all right to cheat distant strangers. Even the early [[Hebrews]] recognized a separate code of [[ethics]] in their dealings with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiles gentiles].

69:4.3 A [[fetish]] was used to stand guard over the deposits of [[Things|goods]] for silent [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter barter]. Such market places were [[secure]] against theft; nothing would be removed except by barter or purchase; with a [[fetish]] on guard the goods were always safe. The early traders were scrupulously [[honest]] within their own [[tribes]] but regarded it as all right to cheat distant strangers. Even the early [[Hebrews]] recognized a separate code of [[ethics]] in their dealings with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiles gentiles].

69:4.4 For ages [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_barter silent barter] continued before men would meet, unarmed, on the [[sacred]] market place. These same [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_squares market squares] became the first places of [[sanctuary]] and in some countries were later known as "[[cities]] of refuge." Any fugitive reaching the market place was safe and [[secure]] against [[attack]].

69:4.4 For ages [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_barter silent barter] continued before men would meet, unarmed, on the [[sacred]] market place. These same [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_squares market squares] became the first places of [[sanctuary]] and in some countries were later known as "[[cities]] of refuge." Any fugitive reaching the market place was safe and [[secure]] against [[attack]].

69:4.5 The first weights were grains of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat wheat] and other [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal cereals]. The first [[Money|medium of exchange]] was a fish or a goat. Later the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow cow] became a [[unit]] of barter.

69:4.5 The first weights were grains of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat wheat] and other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal cereals]. The first [[Money|medium of exchange]] was a fish or a goat. Later the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow cow] became a [[unit]] of barter.

69:4.6 Modern [[writing]] [[originated]] in the early [[trade]] [[records]]; the first [[literature]] of man was a [[trade]]-promotion [[document]], a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt salt] advertisement. Many of the earlier [[wars]] were fought over [[natural]] deposits, such as flint, salt, and metals. The first [[formal]] [[tribal]] [[treaty]] concerned the intertribalizing of a salt deposit. These [[treaty]] spots afforded [[opportunity]] for [[friendly]] and [[peaceful]] interchange of [[ideas]] and the intermingling of various [[tribes]].

69:4.6 Modern [[writing]] [[originated]] in the early [[trade]] [[records]]; the first [[literature]] of man was a [[trade]]-promotion [[document]], a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt salt] advertisement. Many of the earlier [[wars]] were fought over [[natural]] deposits, such as flint, salt, and metals. The first [[formal]] [[tribal]] [[treaty]] concerned the intertribalizing of a salt deposit. These [[treaty]] spots afforded [[opportunity]] for [[friendly]] and [[peaceful]] interchange of [[ideas]] and the intermingling of various [[tribes]].

69:4.7 [[Writing]] [[progressed]] up through the [[stages]] of the "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_stick message stick]," knotted cords, picture writing, hieroglyphics, and wampum belts, to the early [[symbolic]] [[alphabets]]. [[Message]] sending evolved from the [[primitive]] smoke signal up through runners, [[animal]] riders, railroads, and airplanes, as well as telegraph, telephone, and wireless [[communication]].

69:4.7 [[Writing]] [[progressed]] up through the [[stages]] of the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_stick message stick]," knotted cords, picture writing, hieroglyphics, and wampum belts, to the early [[symbolic]] [[alphabets]]. [[Message]] sending evolved from the [[primitive]] smoke signal up through runners, [[animal]] riders, railroads, and airplanes, as well as telegraph, telephone, and wireless [[communication]].

69:4.8 New [[ideas]] and better [[methods]] were carried around the [[inhabited world]] by the ancient traders. [[Commerce]], linked with [[adventure]], led to [[exploration]] and [[discovery]]. And all of these gave [[birth]] to [[transportation]]. [[Commerce]] has been the great civilizer through promoting the [[Sharing|cross-fertilization]] of [[culture]].

69:4.8 New [[ideas]] and better [[methods]] were carried around the [[inhabited world]] by the ancient traders. [[Commerce]], linked with [[adventure]], led to [[exploration]] and [[discovery]]. And all of these gave [[birth]] to [[transportation]]. [[Commerce]] has been the great civilizer through promoting the [[Sharing|cross-fertilization]] of [[culture]].

69:5.1 [[Capital]] is [[labor]] applied as a [[renunciation]] of the [[present]] in [[favor]] of the [[future]]. Savings [[represent]] a form of [[maintenance]] and [[survival]] insurance. [[Food]] hoarding [[developed]] [[self]]-[[control]] and created the first problems of capital and labor. The man who had food, provided he could [[protect]] it from robbers, had a distinct advantage over the man who had no food.

69:5.1 [[Capital]] is [[labor]] applied as a [[renunciation]] of the [[present]] in [[favor]] of the [[future]]. Savings [[represent]] a form of [[maintenance]] and [[survival]] insurance. [[Food]] hoarding [[developed]] [[self]]-[[control]] and created the first problems of capital and labor. The man who had food, provided he could [[protect]] it from robbers, had a distinct advantage over the man who had no food.

69:5.2 The early [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank banker] was the valorous man of the [[tribe]]. He held the [[group]] treasures on deposit, while the entire [[clan]] would defend his hut in event of [[attack]]. Thus the accumulation of [[individual]] capital and [[group]] [[wealth]] immediately led to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military military] [[organization]]. At first such precautions were [[designed]] to defend [[property]] against foreign raiders, but later on it became the [[custom]] to keep the [[military]] [[organization]] in [[practice]] by inaugurating raids on the [[property]] and [[wealth]] of [[neighbor]]ing [[tribes]].

69:5.2 The early [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank banker] was the valorous man of the [[tribe]]. He held the [[group]] treasures on deposit, while the entire [[clan]] would defend his hut in event of [[attack]]. Thus the accumulation of [[individual]] capital and [[group]] [[wealth]] immediately led to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military military] [[organization]]. At first such precautions were [[designed]] to defend [[property]] against foreign raiders, but later on it became the [[custom]] to keep the [[military]] [[organization]] in [[practice]] by inaugurating raids on the [[property]] and [[wealth]] of [[neighbor]]ing [[tribes]].

69:5.3 The basic urges which led to the accumulation of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28economics%29 capital] were:

69:5.3 The basic urges which led to the accumulation of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28economics%29 capital] were:

*1. 69:5.4 ''[[Hunger]]''—[[associated]] with [[foresight]]. [[Food]] saving and preservation meant [[power]] and comfort for those who [[possessed]] sufficient [[foresight]] thus to provide for [[future]] needs. Food storage was adequate insurance against [[famine]] and disaster. And the entire body of [[primitive]] [[mores]] was really designed to help man subordinate the [[present]] to the [[future]].

*1. 69:5.4 ''[[Hunger]]''—[[associated]] with [[foresight]]. [[Food]] saving and preservation meant [[power]] and comfort for those who [[possessed]] sufficient [[foresight]] thus to provide for [[future]] needs. Food storage was adequate insurance against [[famine]] and disaster. And the entire body of [[primitive]] [[mores]] was really designed to help man subordinate the [[present]] to the [[future]].

*2. 69:5.5 ''[[Love]] of [[family]]'' —[[desire]] to provide for their wants. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28economics%29 Capital] [[represents]] the saving of [[property]] in spite of the [[pressure]] of the wants of today in order to insure against the demands of the [[future]]. A part of this future need may have to do with one's [[posterity]].

*2. 69:5.5 ''[[Love]] of [[family]]'' —[[desire]] to provide for their wants. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28economics%29 Capital] [[represents]] the saving of [[property]] in spite of the [[pressure]] of the wants of today in order to insure against the demands of the [[future]]. A part of this future need may have to do with one's [[posterity]].

*3. 69:5.6 ''[[Vanity]]'' —longing to display one's [[property]] accumulations. Extra clothing was one of the first badges of distinction. [[Collection]] [[vanity]] early appealed to the [[pride]] of man.

*3. 69:5.6 ''[[Vanity]]'' —longing to display one's [[property]] accumulations. Extra clothing was one of the first badges of distinction. [[Collection]] [[vanity]] early appealed to the [[pride]] of man.

*4. 69:5.7 ''[[Social Status|Position]]'' —[[eagerness]] to buy [[social]] and [[political]] [[prestige]]. There early sprang up a [[commercial]]ized nobility, admission to which depended on the [[performance]] of some special [[service]] to royalty or was granted frankly for the payment of [[money]].

*4. 69:5.7 ''[[Social Status|Position]]'' —[[eagerness]] to buy [[social]] and [[political]] [[prestige]]. There early sprang up a [[commercial]]ized nobility, admission to which depended on the [[performance]] of some special [[service]] to royalty or was granted frankly for the payment of [[money]].

*5. 69:5.8 ''[[Power]]'' —the craving to be master. [[Money|Treasure]] lending was carried on as a means of [[enslavement]], one hundred per cent a year being the loan rate of these ancient times. The moneylenders made themselves kings by creating a standing army of debtors. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity Bond servants] were among the earliest form of [[property]] to be accumulated, and in olden days debt [[slavery]] extended even to the [[control]] of the [[body]] after [[death]].

*5. 69:5.8 ''[[Power]]'' —the craving to be master. [[Money|Treasure]] lending was carried on as a means of [[enslavement]], one hundred per cent a year being the loan rate of these ancient times. The moneylenders made themselves kings by creating a standing army of debtors. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity Bond servants] were among the earliest form of [[property]] to be accumulated, and in olden days debt [[slavery]] extended even to the [[control]] of the [[body]] after [[death]].

*6. 69:5.9 ''[[Fear]] of the [[ghosts]] of the dead'' —[[priest]] fees for [[protection]]. Men early began to give [[death]] presents to the [[priests]] with a view to having their [[property]] used to [[facilitate]] their [[progress]] through the next life. The priesthoods thus became very rich; they were chief among ancient [[capitalists]].

*6. 69:5.9 ''[[Fear]] of the [[ghosts]] of the dead'' —[[priest]] fees for [[protection]]. Men early began to give [[death]] presents to the [[priests]] with a view to having their [[property]] used to [[facilitate]] their [[progress]] through the next life. The priesthoods thus became very rich; they were chief among ancient [[capitalists]].

*7. 69:5.10 ''[[Sex]] urge'' —the [[desire]] to buy one or more [[wives]]. Man's first [[form]] of [[trading]] was [[woman]] exchange; it long preceded [http://www.wikpedia.org/wiki/Horse horse] trading. But never did the [[barter]] in [[sex]] [[slaves]] advance [[society]]; such traffic was and is a racial disgrace, for at one and the same time it hindered the [[development]] of [[family]] life and polluted the [[biologic]] fitness of superior peoples.

*7. 69:5.10 ''[[Sex]] urge'' —the [[desire]] to buy one or more [[wives]]. Man's first [[form]] of [[trading]] was [[woman]] exchange; it long preceded [https://www.wikpedia.org/wiki/Horse horse] trading. But never did the [[barter]] in [[sex]] [[slaves]] advance [[society]]; such traffic was and is a racial disgrace, for at one and the same time it hindered the [[development]] of [[family]] life and polluted the [[biologic]] fitness of superior peoples.

*8. 69:5.11 ''Numerous [[forms]] of [[self-gratification]]''. Some sought [[wealth]] because it conferred [[power]]; others toiled for [[property]] because it meant ease. Early man (and some later-day ones) tended to squander his [[resources]] on [[luxury]]. Intoxicants and [[drugs]] [[intrigued]] the [[primitive]] races.

*8. 69:5.11 ''Numerous [[forms]] of [[self-gratification]]''. Some sought [[wealth]] because it conferred [[power]]; others toiled for [[property]] because it meant ease. Early man (and some later-day ones) tended to squander his [[resources]] on [[luxury]]. Intoxicants and [[drugs]] [[intrigued]] the [[primitive]] races.

69:5.14 But it is only fair to [[record]] that many an ancient rich man [[distributed]] much of his [[Wealth|fortune]] because of the [[fear]] of being killed by those who coveted his treasures. [[Wealth]]y men commonly [[sacrificed]] scores of [[slaves]] to show disdain for [[wealth]].

69:5.14 But it is only fair to [[record]] that many an ancient rich man [[distributed]] much of his [[Wealth|fortune]] because of the [[fear]] of being killed by those who coveted his treasures. [[Wealth]]y men commonly [[sacrificed]] scores of [[slaves]] to show disdain for [[wealth]].

69:5.15 Though [[capital]] has tended to [[liberate]] man, it has greatly [[complicated]] his [[social]] and [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industrial] [[organization]]. The [[abuse]] of [[capital]] by unfair capitalists does not destroy the [[fact]] that it is the basis of [[modern]] [[industrial]] [[society]]. Through [[capital]] and [[invention]] the present [[generation]] enjoys a higher [[degree]] of [[freedom]] than any that ever preceded it on [[earth]]. This is placed on [[record]] as a [[fact]] and not in justification of the many misuses of capital by thoughtless and selfish custodians.

69:5.15 Though [[capital]] has tended to [[liberate]] man, it has greatly [[complicated]] his [[social]] and [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industrial] [[organization]]. The [[abuse]] of [[capital]] by unfair capitalists does not destroy the [[fact]] that it is the basis of [[modern]] [[industrial]] [[society]]. Through [[capital]] and [[invention]] the present [[generation]] enjoys a higher [[degree]] of [[freedom]] than any that ever preceded it on [[earth]]. This is placed on [[record]] as a [[fact]] and not in justification of the many misuses of capital by thoughtless and selfish custodians.

==69:6. FIRE IN RELATION TO CIVILIZATION==

==69:6. FIRE IN RELATION TO CIVILIZATION==

69:6.3 [[Fire]] was a great civilizer, providing [[man]] with his first means of being [[altruistic]] without loss by enabling him to give live coals to a [[neighbor]] without depriving himself. The household [[fire]], which was attended by the [[mother]] or eldest daughter, was the first [[educator]], requiring [[Attention|watchfulness]] and dependability. The early [[home]] was not a building but the [[family]] gathered about the [[fire]], the [[family]] [[hearth]]. When a son founded a new [[home]], he carried a firebrand from the [[family]] [[hearth]].

69:6.3 [[Fire]] was a great civilizer, providing [[man]] with his first means of being [[altruistic]] without loss by enabling him to give live coals to a [[neighbor]] without depriving himself. The household [[fire]], which was attended by the [[mother]] or eldest daughter, was the first [[educator]], requiring [[Attention|watchfulness]] and dependability. The early [[home]] was not a building but the [[family]] gathered about the [[fire]], the [[family]] [[hearth]]. When a son founded a new [[home]], he carried a firebrand from the [[family]] [[hearth]].

69:6.4 Though [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_63#63:1._ANDON_AND_FONTA Andon], the [[discoverer]] of [[fire]], avoided treating it as an object of [[worship]], many of his [[descendants]] regarded the flame as a [[fetish]] or as a [[spirit]]. They failed to reap the sanitary benefits of [[fire]] because they would not burn [[refuse]]. [[Primitive]] man feared [[fire]] and always sought to keep it in [[good]] [[humor]], hence the sprinkling of [[incense]]. Under no circumstances would the ancients spit in a [[fire]], nor would they ever pass between anyone and a burning [[fire]]. Even the iron [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrites pyrites] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint flints] used in striking [[fire]] were held [[sacred]] by early [[mankind]].

69:6.4 Though [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_63#63:1._ANDON_AND_FONTA Andon], the [[discoverer]] of [[fire]], avoided treating it as an object of [[worship]], many of his [[descendants]] regarded the flame as a [[fetish]] or as a [[spirit]]. They failed to reap the sanitary benefits of [[fire]] because they would not burn [[refuse]]. [[Primitive]] man feared [[fire]] and always sought to keep it in [[good]] [[humor]], hence the sprinkling of [[incense]]. Under no circumstances would the ancients spit in a [[fire]], nor would they ever pass between anyone and a burning [[fire]]. Even the iron [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrites pyrites] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint flints] used in striking [[fire]] were held [[sacred]] by early [[mankind]].

69:6.5 It was a [[sin]] to extinguish a flame; if a [[Home|hut]] caught fire, it was allowed to burn. The [[fires]] of the [[temples]] and [[shrines]] were [[sacred]] and were never permitted to go out except that it was the [[custom]] to kindle new flames annually or after some [[calamity]]. [[Women]] were selected as [[priests]] because they were custodians of the [[home]] [[fires]].

69:6.5 It was a [[sin]] to extinguish a flame; if a [[Home|hut]] caught fire, it was allowed to burn. The [[fires]] of the [[temples]] and [[shrines]] were [[sacred]] and were never permitted to go out except that it was the [[custom]] to kindle new flames annually or after some [[calamity]]. [[Women]] were selected as [[priests]] because they were custodians of the [[home]] [[fires]].

69:6.6 The early [[myths]] about how [[fire]] came down from the [[gods]] grew out of the [[observations]] of fire [[caused]] by [[lightning]]. These [[ideas]] of [[supernatural]] [[origin]] led directly to [[fire]] [[worship]], and fire [[worship]] led to the [[custom]] of "passing through fire," a [[practice]] carried on up to the times of [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses Moses]. And there still [[persists]] the [[idea]] of passing through [[fire]] after [[death]]. The fire [[myth]] was a great bond in early times and still [[persists]] in the [[symbolism]] of the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi Parsees].

69:6.6 The early [[myths]] about how [[fire]] came down from the [[gods]] grew out of the [[observations]] of fire [[caused]] by [[lightning]]. These [[ideas]] of [[supernatural]] [[origin]] led directly to [[fire]] [[worship]], and fire [[worship]] led to the [[custom]] of "passing through fire," a [[practice]] carried on up to the times of [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses Moses]. And there still [[persists]] the [[idea]] of passing through [[fire]] after [[death]]. The fire [[myth]] was a great bond in early times and still [[persists]] in the [[symbolism]] of the [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi Parsees].

69:6.7 [[Fire]] led to [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking cooking], and "raw eaters" became a term of derision. And cooking lessened the expenditure of [[vital]] [[energy]] [[necessary]] for the digestion of [[food]] and so left early man some [[strength]] for [[social]] [[culture]], while [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry animal husbandry], by reducing the [[effort]] [[necessary]] to [[secure]] [[food]], provided [[time]] for [[social]] activities.

69:6.7 [[Fire]] led to [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking cooking], and "raw eaters" became a term of derision. And cooking lessened the expenditure of [[vital]] [[energy]] [[necessary]] for the digestion of [[food]] and so left early man some [[strength]] for [[social]] [[culture]], while [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry animal husbandry], by reducing the [[effort]] [[necessary]] to [[secure]] [[food]], provided [[time]] for [[social]] activities.

69:6.8 It should be remembered that [[fire]] opened the doors to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgy metalwork] and led to the subsequent [[discovery]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power steam power] and the present-day uses of [[electricity]].

69:6.8 It should be remembered that [[fire]] opened the doors to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgy metalwork] and led to the subsequent [[discovery]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power steam power] and the present-day uses of [[electricity]].

==69:7. THE UTILIZATION OF ANIMALS==

==69:7. THE UTILIZATION OF ANIMALS==

69:7.1 To start with, the entire [[animal]] world was man's enemy; [[human beings]] had to [[learn]] to [[protect]] themselves from the [[beasts]]. First, man ate the animals but later learned to [[domesticate]] and make them serve him.

69:7.1 To start with, the entire [[animal]] world was man's enemy; [[human beings]] had to [[learn]] to [[protect]] themselves from the [[beasts]]. First, man ate the animals but later learned to [[domesticate]] and make them serve him.

69:7.2 The [[domestication]] of [[animals]] came about [[accidentally]]. The savage would [[hunt]] herds much as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans American Indians] [[hunted]] the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison bison]. By [[surrounding]] the herd they could keep [[control]] of the [[animals]], thus being able to kill them as they were required for [[food]]. Later, corrals were constructed, and entire herds would be captured.

69:7.2 The [[domestication]] of [[animals]] came about [[accidentally]]. The savage would [[hunt]] herds much as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans American Indians] [[hunted]] the [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison bison]. By [[surrounding]] the herd they could keep [[control]] of the [[animals]], thus being able to kill them as they were required for [[food]]. Later, corrals were constructed, and entire herds would be captured.

69:7.3 It was easy to tame some [[animals]], but like the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant elephant], many of them would not [[reproduce]] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_%28animal%29 captivity]. Still further on it was [[discovered]] that certain [[species]] of [[animals]] would submit to man's [[presence]], and that they would [[reproduce]] in captivity. The [[domestication]] of [[animals]] was thus promoted by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding selective breeding], an art which has made great [[progress]] since the days of [[Dalamatia]].

69:7.3 It was easy to tame some [[animals]], but like the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant elephant], many of them would not [[reproduce]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_%28animal%29 captivity]. Still further on it was [[discovered]] that certain [[species]] of [[animals]] would submit to man's [[presence]], and that they would [[reproduce]] in captivity. The [[domestication]] of [[animals]] was thus promoted by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding selective breeding], an art which has made great [[progress]] since the days of [[Dalamatia]].

69:7.4 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog dog] was the first [[animal]] to be [[domesticated]], and the [[difficult]] [[experience]] of taming it began when a certain [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog dog], after following a [[hunter]] around all day, actually went [[home]] with him. For ages dogs were used for [[food]], [[hunting]], [[transportation]], and companionship. At first dogs only howled, but later on they learned to bark. The dog's keen [[Senses|sense]] of [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Senses#Smell.2C_Taste.2C_and_Touch smell] led to the notion it could see [[spirits]], and thus arose the dog-[[fetish]] [[cults]]. The employment of watchdogs made it first possible for the whole [[clan]] to [[sleep]] at [[night]]. It then became the [[custom]] to employ watchdogs to [[protect]] the [[home]] against [[spirits]] as well as [[material]] enemies. When the dog barked, man or beast approached, but when the dog howled, spirits were near. Even now many still [[believe]] that a dog's howling at [[night]] betokens [[death]].

69:7.4 The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog dog] was the first [[animal]] to be [[domesticated]], and the [[difficult]] [[experience]] of taming it began when a certain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog dog], after following a [[hunter]] around all day, actually went [[home]] with him. For ages dogs were used for [[food]], [[hunting]], [[transportation]], and companionship. At first dogs only howled, but later on they learned to bark. The dog's keen [[Senses|sense]] of [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Senses#Smell.2C_Taste.2C_and_Touch smell] led to the notion it could see [[spirits]], and thus arose the dog-[[fetish]] [[cults]]. The employment of watchdogs made it first possible for the whole [[clan]] to [[sleep]] at [[night]]. It then became the [[custom]] to employ watchdogs to [[protect]] the [[home]] against [[spirits]] as well as [[material]] enemies. When the dog barked, man or beast approached, but when the dog howled, spirits were near. Even now many still [[believe]] that a dog's howling at [[night]] betokens [[death]].

69:7.5 When man was a [[hunter]], he was fairly kind to [[woman]], but after the [[domestication]] of [[animals]], coupled with the [[Caligastia]] [[confusion]], many [[tribes]] shamefully treated their [[women]]. They treated them altogether too much as they treated their [[animals]]. Man's brutal treatment of [[woman]] [[constitutes]] one of the [[darkest]] chapters of [[human]] [[history]].

69:7.5 When man was a [[hunter]], he was fairly kind to [[woman]], but after the [[domestication]] of [[animals]], coupled with the [[Caligastia]] [[confusion]], many [[tribes]] shamefully treated their [[women]]. They treated them altogether too much as they treated their [[animals]]. Man's brutal treatment of [[woman]] [[constitutes]] one of the [[darkest]] chapters of [[human]] [[history]].

69:8.1 [[Primitive]] man never hesitated to [[enslave]] his fellows. [[Woman]] was the first [[slave]], a [[family]] slave. Pastoral man enslaved woman as his inferior [[sex]] [[partner]]. This sort of [[sex]] [[slavery]] grew directly out of man's decreased dependence upon [[woman]].

69:8.1 [[Primitive]] man never hesitated to [[enslave]] his fellows. [[Woman]] was the first [[slave]], a [[family]] slave. Pastoral man enslaved woman as his inferior [[sex]] [[partner]]. This sort of [[sex]] [[slavery]] grew directly out of man's decreased dependence upon [[woman]].

69:8.2 Not long ago [[enslavement]] was the lot of those [[military]] captives who refused to [[accept]] the [[conqueror]]'s [[religion]]. In earlier times captives were either eaten, [[torture]]d to [[death]], set to fighting each other, [[sacrificed]] to [[spirits]], or enslaved. [[Slavery]] was a great advancement over [[Genocide|massacre]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalism cannibalism].

69:8.2 Not long ago [[enslavement]] was the lot of those [[military]] captives who refused to [[accept]] the [[conqueror]]'s [[religion]]. In earlier times captives were either eaten, [[torture]]d to [[death]], set to fighting each other, [[sacrificed]] to [[spirits]], or enslaved. [[Slavery]] was a great advancement over [[Genocide|massacre]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalism cannibalism].

69:8.3 [[Enslavement]] was a forward step in the [[merciful]] treatment of [[war]] captives. The ambush of [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Joshua#Chapter__.8 Ai], with the wholesale slaughter of [[men]], [[women]], and [[children]], only the king being saved to [[gratify]] the [[conqueror]]'s [[vanity]], is a [[faithful]] picture of the barbaric slaughter [[practiced]] by even supposedly [[civilized]] peoples. The raid upon [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Joshua#Chapter__.2 Og], the king of Bashan, was equally brutal and [[effective]]. The [[Hebrews]] "utterly destroyed"[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=First_Book_of_Samuel#Chapter_15] their enemies, taking all their [[property]] as spoils. They put all [[cities]] under [[tribute]] on [[pain]] of the "destruction of all males."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Numbers#Chapter_.31] But many of the contemporary [[tribes]], those having less tribal [[egotism]], had long since begun to [[practice]] the [[adoption]] of superior captives.

69:8.3 [[Enslavement]] was a forward step in the [[merciful]] treatment of [[war]] captives. The ambush of [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Joshua#Chapter__.8 Ai], with the wholesale slaughter of [[men]], [[women]], and [[children]], only the king being saved to [[gratify]] the [[conqueror]]'s [[vanity]], is a [[faithful]] picture of the barbaric slaughter [[practiced]] by even supposedly [[civilized]] peoples. The raid upon [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Joshua#Chapter__.2 Og], the king of Bashan, was equally brutal and [[effective]]. The [[Hebrews]] "utterly destroyed"[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=First_Book_of_Samuel#Chapter_15] their enemies, taking all their [[property]] as spoils. They put all [[cities]] under [[tribute]] on [[pain]] of the "destruction of all males."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Numbers#Chapter_.31] But many of the contemporary [[tribes]], those having less tribal [[egotism]], had long since begun to [[practice]] the [[adoption]] of superior captives.

69:8.4 The [[hunter]], like the [[American]] red man, did not enslave. He either adopted or killed his captives. [[Slavery]] was not prevalent among the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral pastoral] peoples, for they needed few laborers. In [[war]] the herders made a [[practice]] of killing all [[men]] captives and taking as [[slaves]] only the [[women]] and [[children]]. The [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.21 Mosaic code contained specific directions] for making [[wives]] of these [[women]] captives. If not satisfactory, they could be sent away, but the [[Hebrews]] were not allowed to sell such rejected consorts as [[slaves]]—that was at least one advance in [[civilization]]. Though the [[social]] [[standards]] of the [[Hebrews]] were crude, they were far above those of the [[surrounding]] [[tribes]].

69:8.4 The [[hunter]], like the [[American]] red man, did not enslave. He either adopted or killed his captives. [[Slavery]] was not prevalent among the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral pastoral] peoples, for they needed few laborers. In [[war]] the herders made a [[practice]] of killing all [[men]] captives and taking as [[slaves]] only the [[women]] and [[children]]. The [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.21 Mosaic code contained specific directions] for making [[wives]] of these [[women]] captives. If not satisfactory, they could be sent away, but the [[Hebrews]] were not allowed to sell such rejected consorts as [[slaves]]—that was at least one advance in [[civilization]]. Though the [[social]] [[standards]] of the [[Hebrews]] were crude, they were far above those of the [[surrounding]] [[tribes]].

69:8.5 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds herders] were the first capitalists; their herds represented capital, and they lived on the interest—the natural increase. And they were disinclined to [[trust]] this [[wealth]] to the keeping of either [[slaves]] or [[women]]. But later on they took [[male]] prisoners and forced them to [[cultivate]] the [[soil]]. This is the early [[origin]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom serfdom]—man attached to the [[land]]. The Africans could easily be taught to till the [[soil]]; hence they became the great [[slave]] [[race]].

69:8.5 The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds herders] were the first capitalists; their herds represented capital, and they lived on the interest—the natural increase. And they were disinclined to [[trust]] this [[wealth]] to the keeping of either [[slaves]] or [[women]]. But later on they took [[male]] prisoners and forced them to [[cultivate]] the [[soil]]. This is the early [[origin]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom serfdom]—man attached to the [[land]]. The Africans could easily be taught to till the [[soil]]; hence they became the great [[slave]] [[race]].

69:8.6 [[Slavery]] was an indispensable link in the chain of [[human]] [[civilization]]. It was the bridge over which [[society]] passed from [[chaos]] and indolence to order and civilized [[activities]]; it compelled backward and lazy peoples to [[work]] and thus provide [[wealth]] and [[leisure]] for the [[social]] advancement of their superiors.

69:8.6 [[Slavery]] was an indispensable link in the chain of [[human]] [[civilization]]. It was the bridge over which [[society]] passed from [[chaos]] and indolence to order and civilized [[activities]]; it compelled backward and lazy peoples to [[work]] and thus provide [[wealth]] and [[leisure]] for the [[social]] advancement of their superiors.

69:8.7 The [[institution]] of [[slavery]] compelled man to [[invent]] the regulative [[mechanism]] of [[primitive]] [[society]]; it gave [[origin]] to the beginnings of [[government]]. [[Slavery]] demands strong regulation and during the European [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages Middle Ages] virtually disappeared because the feudal lords could not [[control]] the slaves. The backward [[tribes]] of ancient times, like the [[native]] Australians of today, never had [[slaves]].

69:8.7 The [[institution]] of [[slavery]] compelled man to [[invent]] the regulative [[mechanism]] of [[primitive]] [[society]]; it gave [[origin]] to the beginnings of [[government]]. [[Slavery]] demands strong regulation and during the European [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages Middle Ages] virtually disappeared because the feudal lords could not [[control]] the slaves. The backward [[tribes]] of ancient times, like the [[native]] Australians of today, never had [[slaves]].

69:8.8 True, [[slavery]] was [[oppressive]], but it was in the schools of [[oppression]] that man learned [[industry]]. Eventually the [[slaves]] shared the [[blessings]] of a higher [[society]] which they had so unwillingly helped [[create]]. Slavery creates an [[organization]] of [[culture]] and [[social]] achievement but soon insidiously attacks [[society]] internally as the gravest of all destructive [[social]] [[Disease|maladies]].

69:8.8 True, [[slavery]] was [[oppressive]], but it was in the schools of [[oppression]] that man learned [[industry]]. Eventually the [[slaves]] shared the [[blessings]] of a higher [[society]] which they had so unwillingly helped [[create]]. Slavery creates an [[organization]] of [[culture]] and [[social]] achievement but soon insidiously attacks [[society]] internally as the gravest of all destructive [[social]] [[Disease|maladies]].

69:8.9 [[Modern]] [[mechanical]] [[invention]] rendered the [[slave]] obsolete. [[Slavery]], like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy polygamy], is passing because it does not pay. But it has always proved disastrous suddenly to [[liberate]] great numbers of slaves; less trouble ensues when they are [[gradually]] [[emancipated]].

69:8.9 [[Modern]] [[mechanical]] [[invention]] rendered the [[slave]] obsolete. [[Slavery]], like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy polygamy], is passing because it does not pay. But it has always proved disastrous suddenly to [[liberate]] great numbers of slaves; less trouble ensues when they are [[gradually]] [[emancipated]].

69:8.10 Today, men are not [[social]] [[slaves]], but thousands allow [[ambition]] to enslave them to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt debt]. Involuntary [[slavery]] has given way to a new and improved form of [[modified]] [[industrial]] servitude.

69:8.10 Today, men are not [[social]] [[slaves]], but thousands allow [[ambition]] to enslave them to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt debt]. Involuntary [[slavery]] has given way to a new and improved form of [[modified]] [[industrial]] servitude.

69:8.11 While the [[ideal]] of [[society]] is [[universal]] [[freedom]], idleness should never be tolerated. All able-bodied [[persons]] should be compelled to do at least a self-sustaining amount of [[work]].

69:8.11 While the [[ideal]] of [[society]] is [[universal]] [[freedom]], idleness should never be tolerated. All able-bodied [[persons]] should be compelled to do at least a self-sustaining amount of [[work]].

69:9.11 [[Sleeping]] [[space]] was one of man's earliest [[properties]]. Later, homesites were assigned by the tribal chiefs, who held all real estate in [[trust]] for the [[group]]. Presently a [[fire]] site conferred ownership; and still later, a [[well]] [[constituted]] title to the adjacent [[land]].

69:9.11 [[Sleeping]] [[space]] was one of man's earliest [[properties]]. Later, homesites were assigned by the tribal chiefs, who held all real estate in [[trust]] for the [[group]]. Presently a [[fire]] site conferred ownership; and still later, a [[well]] [[constituted]] title to the adjacent [[land]].

69:9.12 [[Water]] holes and [[wells]] were among the first [[private]] [[possessions]]. The whole [[fetish]] [[practice]] was utilized to guard [[water]] holes, [[wells]], trees, crops, and honey. Following the loss of [[faith]] in the [[fetish]], [[laws]] were evolved to protect [[private]] belongings. But game laws, the right to [[hunt]], long preceded [[land]] laws. The [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American American red man] never [[understood]] [[private]] ownership of [[land]]; he could not [[comprehend]] the white man's [[view]].

69:9.12 [[Water]] holes and [[wells]] were among the first [[private]] [[possessions]]. The whole [[fetish]] [[practice]] was utilized to guard [[water]] holes, [[wells]], trees, crops, and honey. Following the loss of [[faith]] in the [[fetish]], [[laws]] were evolved to protect [[private]] belongings. But game laws, the right to [[hunt]], long preceded [[land]] laws. The [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American American red man] never [[understood]] [[private]] ownership of [[land]]; he could not [[comprehend]] the white man's [[view]].

69:9.13 [[Private]] [[property]] was early marked by [[family]] insignia, and this is the early [[origin]] of [[family]] crests. Real estate could also be put under the watchcare of [[spirits]]. The [[priests]] would "[[consecrate]]" a piece of [[land]], and it would then rest under the [[protection]] of the [[magic]] [[taboos]] erected thereon. Owners thereof were said to have a "priest's title." The Hebrews had great [[respect]] for these family landmarks: "Cursed be he who removes his neighbor's landmark."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.27] These stone markers bore the [[priest]]'s initials. Even trees, when initialed, became [[private]] [[property]].

69:9.13 [[Private]] [[property]] was early marked by [[family]] insignia, and this is the early [[origin]] of [[family]] crests. Real estate could also be put under the watchcare of [[spirits]]. The [[priests]] would "[[consecrate]]" a piece of [[land]], and it would then rest under the [[protection]] of the [[magic]] [[taboos]] erected thereon. Owners thereof were said to have a "priest's title." The Hebrews had great [[respect]] for these family landmarks: "Cursed be he who removes his neighbor's landmark."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.27] These stone markers bore the [[priest]]'s initials. Even trees, when initialed, became [[private]] [[property]].

69:9.14 In early days only the crops were [[private]], but successive crops conferred title; [[agriculture]] was thus the [[genesis]] of the [[private]] [[ownership]] of [[land]]. [[Individuals]] were first given only a life tenureship; at [[death]] [[land]] reverted to the [[tribe]]. The very first land titles granted by [[tribes]] to [[individuals]] were graves—[[family]] [[burying]] grounds. In later times [[land]] belonged to those who fenced it. But the [[cities]] always reserved certain [[lands]] for public pasturage and for use in case of siege; these "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Commons commons]" [[represent]] the [[survival]] of the earlier [[form]] of [[collective]] ownership.

69:9.14 In early days only the crops were [[private]], but successive crops conferred title; [[agriculture]] was thus the [[genesis]] of the [[private]] [[ownership]] of [[land]]. [[Individuals]] were first given only a life tenureship; at [[death]] [[land]] reverted to the [[tribe]]. The very first land titles granted by [[tribes]] to [[individuals]] were graves—[[family]] [[burying]] grounds. In later times [[land]] belonged to those who fenced it. But the [[cities]] always reserved certain [[lands]] for public pasturage and for use in case of siege; these "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Commons commons]" [[represent]] the [[survival]] of the earlier [[form]] of [[collective]] ownership.

69:9.15 [[Eventually]] the [[state]] assigned [[property]] to the [[individual]], reserving the right of [[taxation]]. Having made secure their titles, landlords could collect rents, and [[land]] became a [[source]] of income—capital. Finally [[land]] became truly negotiable, with sales, transfers, mortgages, and foreclosures.

69:9.15 [[Eventually]] the [[state]] assigned [[property]] to the [[individual]], reserving the right of [[taxation]]. Having made secure their titles, landlords could collect rents, and [[land]] became a [[source]] of income—capital. Finally [[land]] became truly negotiable, with sales, transfers, mortgages, and foreclosures.