Changes

==Origin==

==Origin==

[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English], via [[Latin]] from Greek ''papuros'' — see also [[paper]]

[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English], via [[Latin]] from Greek ''papuros'' — see also [[paper]]

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century 14th Century]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century 14th Century]

The [[English]] word "papyrus" derives, via Latin, from Greek πάπυρος (papuros),[12] a loanword of unknown (perhaps Pre-Greek) origin. Greek has a second word for it, βύβλος (bublos] said to derive from the name of the Phoenician city of Byblos). The [[Greek]] writer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastus Theophrastus], who flourished during the 4th century BC, uses ''papuros'' when referring to the plant used as a foodstuff and ''bublos'' for the same plant when used for nonfood products, such as cordage, basketry, or [[writing]] surfaces. The more specific term βίβλος biblos, which finds its way into English in such words as 'bibliography', 'bibliophile', and 'bible', refers to the inner bark of the papyrus plant. Papyrus is also the etymon of 'paper', a similar substance. In the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language Egyptian language], papyrus was known by the terms wadj (w3ḏ), tjufy (ṯwfy), and djet (ḏt).

The [[English]] word "papyrus" derives, via Latin, from Greek πάπυρος (papuros),[12] a loanword of unknown (perhaps Pre-Greek) origin. Greek has a second word for it, βύβλος (bublos] said to derive from the name of the Phoenician city of Byblos). The [[Greek]] writer [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastus Theophrastus], who flourished during the 4th century BC, uses ''papuros'' when referring to the plant used as a foodstuff and ''bublos'' for the same plant when used for nonfood products, such as cordage, basketry, or [[writing]] surfaces. The more specific term βίβλος biblos, which finds its way into English in such words as 'bibliography', 'bibliophile', and 'bible', refers to the inner bark of the papyrus plant. Papyrus is also the etymon of 'paper', a similar substance. In the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language Egyptian language], papyrus was known by the terms wadj (w3ḏ), tjufy (ṯwfy), and djet (ḏt).

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

*1a. a material prepared in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt ancient Egypt] from the pithy stem of a water plant, used in sheets throughout the ancient [[Mediterranean]] world for writing or painting on and also for making rope, sandals, and boats.

*1a. a material prepared in [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt ancient Egypt] from the pithy stem of a water plant, used in sheets throughout the ancient [[Mediterranean]] world for writing or painting on and also for making rope, sandals, and boats.

: b. a [[document]] [[written]] on papyrus.

: b. a [[document]] [[written]] on papyrus.

2 the tall aquatic sedge from which papyrus is obtained, native to central Africa and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_valley Nile valley].

2 the tall aquatic sedge from which papyrus is obtained, native to central Africa and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_valley Nile valley].

==Description==

==Description==

'''Papyrus''' is a thin [[paper]]-like material made from the pith of the papyrus plant, ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus Cyperus papyrus]'', a wetland sedge that was once abundant in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd Sudd] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Sudan Southern Sudan] along with the Nile Delta of Egypt. Papyrus is first known to have been used in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt ancient Egypt] (at least as far back as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt First Dynasty]), but it was also used throughout the [[Mediterranean]] region and in Kingdom of Kush. Ancient Egyptians are thought to have used papyrus as a [[writing]] material, as well as employing it commonly in the construction of other [[artifacts]] such as reed boats, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets.

'''Papyrus''' is a thin [[paper]]-like material made from the pith of the papyrus plant, ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus Cyperus papyrus]'', a wetland sedge that was once abundant in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd Sudd] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Sudan Southern Sudan] along with the Nile Delta of Egypt. Papyrus is first known to have been used in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt ancient Egypt] (at least as far back as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt First Dynasty]), but it was also used throughout the [[Mediterranean]] region and in Kingdom of Kush. Ancient Egyptians are thought to have used papyrus as a [[writing]] material, as well as employing it commonly in the construction of other [[artifacts]] such as reed boats, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets.

''Papyrus'' was first manufactured in Egypt and Southern Sudan as far back as the fourth millennium BCE.[3][not in citation given][4] The earliest archaeological evidence of papyrus was excavated in 2012-2013 at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf Wadi al-Jarf], an ancient Egyptian harbor located on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea Red Sea] coast. These documents date from ca. 2560–2550 BCE (end of the reign of Khufu).[3] In the first centuries BCE and CE, papyrus [[scrolls]] gained a rival as a [[writing]] surface in the form of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchment parchment], which was prepared from animal skins. Sheets of parchment were folded to form quires from which book-form codices were fashioned. Early [[Christian]] writers soon adopted the [[codex]] form, and in the Græco-Roman world, it became common to cut sheets from papyrus rolls to form codices.

''Papyrus'' was first manufactured in Egypt and Southern Sudan as far back as the fourth millennium BCE.[3][not in citation given][4] The earliest archaeological evidence of papyrus was excavated in 2012-2013 at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf Wadi al-Jarf], an ancient Egyptian harbor located on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea Red Sea] coast. These documents date from ca. 2560–2550 BCE (end of the reign of Khufu).[3] In the first centuries BCE and CE, papyrus [[scrolls]] gained a rival as a [[writing]] surface in the form of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchment parchment], which was prepared from animal skins. Sheets of parchment were folded to form quires from which book-form codices were fashioned. Early [[Christian]] writers soon adopted the [[codex]] form, and in the Græco-Roman world, it became common to cut sheets from papyrus rolls to form codices.

Codices were an improvement on the papyrus [[scroll]], as the papyrus was not pliable enough to fold without cracking and a long roll, or scroll, was required to create large-volume [[texts]]. Papyrus had the [[advantage]] of being relatively cheap and easy to produce, but it was [[fragile]] and susceptible to both moisture and excessive dryness. Unless the papyrus was of perfect [[quality]], the writing surface was irregular, and the range of [[media]] that could be used was also limited.

Codices were an improvement on the papyrus [[scroll]], as the papyrus was not pliable enough to fold without cracking and a long roll, or scroll, was required to create large-volume [[texts]]. Papyrus had the [[advantage]] of being relatively cheap and easy to produce, but it was [[fragile]] and susceptible to both moisture and excessive dryness. Unless the papyrus was of perfect [[quality]], the writing surface was irregular, and the range of [[media]] that could be used was also limited.

Papyrus was replaced in Europe by the cheaper, locally produced products [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchment parchment] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum vellum], of significantly higher durability in moist climates, though [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Pirenne Henri Pirenne]'s connection of its disappearance with the Muslim overrunning of Egypt is contended. Its last appearance in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian Merovingian] chancery is with a document of 692, though it was known in Gaul until the middle of the following century. The latest certain dates for the use of papyrus are 1057 for a papal decree (typically conservative, all [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull papal bulls] were on papyrus until 1022), under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Victor_II Pope Victor] II, and 1087 for an Arabic document. Its use in Egypt continued until it was replaced by more inexpensive [[paper]] introduced by Arabs. By the 12th century, parchment and paper were in use in the [[Byzantine]] Empire, but papyrus was still an option. Papyrus was made in several qualities and prices; these are listed, with minor differences, both by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder Pliny] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville Isidore of Seville].

Papyrus was replaced in Europe by the cheaper, locally produced products [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchment parchment] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum vellum], of significantly higher durability in moist climates, though [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Pirenne Henri Pirenne]'s connection of its disappearance with the Muslim overrunning of Egypt is contended. Its last appearance in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian Merovingian] chancery is with a document of 692, though it was known in Gaul until the middle of the following century. The latest certain dates for the use of papyrus are 1057 for a papal decree (typically conservative, all [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull papal bulls] were on papyrus until 1022), under [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Victor_II Pope Victor] II, and 1087 for an Arabic document. Its use in Egypt continued until it was replaced by more inexpensive [[paper]] introduced by Arabs. By the 12th century, parchment and paper were in use in the [[Byzantine]] Empire, but papyrus was still an option. Papyrus was made in several qualities and prices; these are listed, with minor differences, both by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder Pliny] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville Isidore of Seville].

Until the middle of the 19th century, only some isolated documents written on papyrus were known. They did not contain literary works. The first discovery of papyri rolls in modern days was made at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculaneum Herculaneum] in 1752. Before that date, the only papyri known were a few surviving from medieval times.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus]

Until the middle of the 19th century, only some isolated documents written on papyrus were known. They did not contain literary works. The first discovery of papyri rolls in modern days was made at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculaneum Herculaneum] in 1752. Before that date, the only papyri known were a few surviving from medieval times.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus]

[[Category: Languages and Literature]]

[[Category: Languages and Literature]]