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=== Peace as the presence of justice ===

=== Peace as the presence of justice ===

Justice and Peace shall kiss" depicts a biblical scene, referencing [http://www.lafeuilledolivier.com/Ecritures/KJV.htm#PSALMS_85 Psalm 85.]

Justice and Peace shall kiss" depicts a biblical scene, referencing [https://www.lafeuilledolivier.com/Ecritures/KJV.htm#PSALMS_85 Psalm 85.]

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] suggested that if an oppressive society lacks violence, the society is nonetheless not peaceful, because of the injustice of the oppression.  Gandhi articulated a vision of peace in which justice is an inherent and necessary aspect; that peace requires not only the absence of violence but also the presence of [[justice]].  Galtung described this peace, peace with justice, as "positive peace," because hostility and further violence could no longer flourish in this environment.

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] suggested that if an oppressive society lacks violence, the society is nonetheless not peaceful, because of the injustice of the oppression.  Gandhi articulated a vision of peace in which justice is an inherent and necessary aspect; that peace requires not only the absence of violence but also the presence of [[justice]].  Galtung described this peace, peace with justice, as "positive peace," because hostility and further violence could no longer flourish in this environment.

=== Peace and development ===

=== Peace and development ===

One concept or idea that often complements peace studies is [[Development studies|development]]. In much development discourse, it is assumed that economic, cultural, and political development will take "underdeveloped" nations and peoples out of poverty, thus helping bring about a more peaceful world. As such, many international development agencies carry out projects funded by the governments of industrialized countries such as the [[United States]], [[Japan]], and [[Norway]], designed to "modernize" poor countries.<ref> The website of the United States Agency for International Development website states: "Our Work supports long-term and equitable economic growth and advances U.S. foreign policy objectives by supporting: economic growth, agriculture and trade; global health; and democracy, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance.[http://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid/]

One concept or idea that often complements peace studies is [[Development studies|development]]. In much development discourse, it is assumed that economic, cultural, and political development will take "underdeveloped" nations and peoples out of poverty, thus helping bring about a more peaceful world. As such, many international development agencies carry out projects funded by the governments of industrialized countries such as the [[United States]], [[Japan]], and [[Norway]], designed to "modernize" poor countries.<ref> The website of the United States Agency for International Development website states: "Our Work supports long-term and equitable economic growth and advances U.S. foreign policy objectives by supporting: economic growth, agriculture and trade; global health; and democracy, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance.[https://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid/]

=== Environmental peace ===

=== Environmental peace ===

=== Plural peaces ===

=== Plural peaces ===

Following [[Wolfgang Dietrich]], Wolfgang Sützl, and the [http://www.tirol.gv.at/peacestudies/ Innsbruck School of Peace Studies], some "peace thinkers" have abandoned any single and all-encompassing definition of peace. Rather, they promote the idea of [http://www.aspr.ac.at/wp7_97.pdf] many peaces. They argue that since no singular, correct definition of peace can exist, peace should be perceived as a plurality.''A Call for Many Peaces'', in: Dietrich/Echavarría/Koppensteiner: Key Texts of Peace Studies, Vienna, LIT Verlag, 2006. pages  282-305.[http://www.aspr.ac.at/wp7_97.pdf]

Following [[Wolfgang Dietrich]], Wolfgang Sützl, and the [https://www.tirol.gv.at/peacestudies/ Innsbruck School of Peace Studies], some "peace thinkers" have abandoned any single and all-encompassing definition of peace. Rather, they promote the idea of [https://www.aspr.ac.at/wp7_97.pdf] many peaces. They argue that since no singular, correct definition of peace can exist, peace should be perceived as a plurality.''A Call for Many Peaces'', in: Dietrich/Echavarría/Koppensteiner: Key Texts of Peace Studies, Vienna, LIT Verlag, 2006. pages  282-305.[https://www.aspr.ac.at/wp7_97.pdf]

For example, in the [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes region of Africa]], the word for peace is ''kindoki'', which refers to a harmonious balance between human beings, the rest of the natural world, and the [[cosmos]].  This vision is a much broader view of peace than a mere "absence of war" or even a "presence of justice" standard. Ibid.  

For example, in the [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes region of Africa]], the word for peace is ''kindoki'', which refers to a harmonious balance between human beings, the rest of the natural world, and the [[cosmos]].  This vision is a much broader view of peace than a mere "absence of war" or even a "presence of justice" standard. Ibid.  

Proponents of the [[democratic peace theory]] argue that strong empirical evidence exists that [[democracies]] never or rarely make war against each other. An increasing number of nations have become democratic since the [[industrial revolution]], and thus, they claim [[world peace]] may become possible if this trend continues.  However, critics have disputed this, for example arguing that this could be explained by a number of other factors related to the wealth, power, and stability of nations that tend to become democracies, ranging from increased reliance on global [[trade]] to [[Mutually Assured Destruction]].  

Proponents of the [[democratic peace theory]] argue that strong empirical evidence exists that [[democracies]] never or rarely make war against each other. An increasing number of nations have become democratic since the [[industrial revolution]], and thus, they claim [[world peace]] may become possible if this trend continues.  However, critics have disputed this, for example arguing that this could be explained by a number of other factors related to the wealth, power, and stability of nations that tend to become democracies, ranging from increased reliance on global [[trade]] to [[Mutually Assured Destruction]].  

Since 1945 and until possibly 1986 or 1997, the world has only seen 26 days without war.[http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/95-97/jackson.pdf], Nato And Peacekeeping

Since 1945 and until possibly 1986 or 1997, the world has only seen 26 days without war.[https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/95-97/jackson.pdf], Nato And Peacekeeping

Although history is rife with conflict, some peoples, regions and nations have enjoyed periods of peace that have lasted generations. The following are some examples:

Although history is rife with conflict, some peoples, regions and nations have enjoyed periods of peace that have lasted generations. The following are some examples:

The '''Nobel Peace Prize''' is awarded annually to notable peacemakers and [[Visionary|visionaries]] who have overcome violence, conflict or oppression through their moral leadership, those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between the nations".  The prize has often met with controversy, as it is occasionally awarded to people who have formerly sponsored war and violence but who have, through exceptional concessions, helped achieve peace.

The '''Nobel Peace Prize''' is awarded annually to notable peacemakers and [[Visionary|visionaries]] who have overcome violence, conflict or oppression through their moral leadership, those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between the nations".  The prize has often met with controversy, as it is occasionally awarded to people who have formerly sponsored war and violence but who have, through exceptional concessions, helped achieve peace.

==Quote==

==Quote==

Almost everything of lasting value in civilization has its roots in the family. The family was the first successful peace group, the man and woman learning how to adjust their antagonisms while at the same time teaching the pursuits of peace to their children.[http://www.urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=http://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper68.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper68.html&line=58#mfs]

Almost everything of lasting value in civilization has its roots in the family. The family was the first successful peace group, the man and woman learning how to adjust their antagonisms while at the same time teaching the pursuits of peace to their children.[https://www.urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=https://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper68.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper68.html&line=58#mfs]

Woman's social position has generally varied inversely with the degree of militarism in any nation or age.[http://www.urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=http://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper84.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper84.html&line=108#mfs]

Woman's social position has generally varied inversely with the degree of militarism in any nation or age.[https://www.urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=https://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper84.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper84.html&line=108#mfs]

== See also ==

== See also ==

== References ==

== References ==

* [http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html Letter from Birmingham Jail] by [[Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.]].

* [https://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html Letter from Birmingham Jail] by [[Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.]].

* "Pennsylvania, A History of the Commonwealth," esp. pg. 109, edited by Randall M. Miller and William Pencak, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002.

* "Pennsylvania, A History of the Commonwealth," esp. pg. 109, edited by Randall M. Miller and William Pencak, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002.

* [http://www.peacefulsocieties.org/index.html Peaceful Societies, Alternatives to Violence and War] Short profiles on 25 peaceful societies.

* [https://www.peacefulsocieties.org/index.html Peaceful Societies, Alternatives to Violence and War] Short profiles on 25 peaceful societies.

* ''The Path to Peace,'' by Laure Paquette

* ''The Path to Peace,'' by Laure Paquette

===Organizations===

===Organizations===

<!--- Please keep list in alphabetical order --->

<!--- Please keep list in alphabetical order --->

* [http://www.actalwaysinlove.com Act Always In Love]

* [https://www.actalwaysinlove.com Act Always In Love]

* [http://www.peace.ca Canadian Centres for Teaching Peace]

* [https://www.peace.ca Canadian Centres for Teaching Peace]

* [http://www.carnegieendowment.org Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]

* [https://www.carnegieendowment.org Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]

* [http://www.promotingpeace.org/ Foundation for P.E.A.C.E.]

* [https://www.promotingpeace.org/ Foundation for P.E.A.C.E.]

* [http://www.justpeace.net.ph/ Gaston Z. Ortigas Peace Institute]

* [https://www.justpeace.net.ph/ Gaston Z. Ortigas Peace Institute]

* [[Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies]] -  [http://kroc.nd.edu/index.shtml]

* [[Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies]] -  [https://kroc.nd.edu/index.shtml]

* [http://www.daytonpeacemuseum.org Dayton International Peace Museum]

* [https://www.daytonpeacemuseum.org Dayton International Peace Museum]

* [http://www.fssca.net/peace/ Mesoamerican Peace Project]

* [https://www.fssca.net/peace/ Mesoamerican Peace Project]

* [http://www.nonviolence.org Nonviolence.org]

* [https://www.nonviolence.org Nonviolence.org]

* [http://www.nonviolentpeaceforce.org Nonviolent Peaceforce]- Creating space for peace

* [https://www.nonviolentpeaceforce.org Nonviolent Peaceforce]- Creating space for peace

* [[OneWorldTV]] has some great films and documentaries on the theme of war and peace [http://tv.oneworld.net/section/warandpeace Here]  

* [[OneWorldTV]] has some great films and documentaries on the theme of war and peace [https://tv.oneworld.net/section/warandpeace Here]  

* [http://www.paxchristi.net Pax Christi International] - International lay Catholic grassroots peace network.

* [https://www.paxchristi.net Pax Christi International] - International lay Catholic grassroots peace network.

* [http://www.peace-action.org Peace Action]

* [https://www.peace-action.org Peace Action]

* [http://www.peacedirect.org Peace Direct]

* [https://www.peacedirect.org Peace Direct]

* [http://www.peaceisactive.com Peace is Active]

* [https://www.peaceisactive.com Peace is Active]

* [http://www.rfpusa.org Religions for Peace - USA]

* [https://www.rfpusa.org Religions for Peace - USA]

* [http://www.seedsofpeace.org/ Seeds of Peace International Youth Organization]

* [https://www.seedsofpeace.org/ Seeds of Peace International Youth Organization]

* [http://www.un.org/peace/ United Nations (offical site, peace)]  

* [https://www.un.org/peace/ United Nations (offical site, peace)]  

* [http://www.unpbf.org United Nations Peacebuilding Fund (PBF)]

* [https://www.unpbf.org United Nations Peacebuilding Fund (PBF)]

* [http://www.usip.org/index.html United States Institute of Peace]

* [https://www.usip.org/index.html United States Institute of Peace]

* [http://www.upeace.org University for Peace] ([[United Nations]]-mandated university in [[Costa Rica]])

* [https://www.upeace.org University for Peace] ([[United Nations]]-mandated university in [[Costa Rica]])

* [http://www.tirol.gv.at/peacestudies/ University of Innsbruck: Masters Program in peace, development, security and international conflict transformation]

* [https://www.tirol.gv.at/peacestudies/ University of Innsbruck: Masters Program in peace, development, security and international conflict transformation]

* [http://www.worldpeace.org/peaceday.html World Peace Day]

* [https://www.worldpeace.org/peaceday.html World Peace Day]

===Campaigns and projects===

===Campaigns and projects===

* [http://www.sarvodayausa.org/peace_universal.html 1,000,000 for Universal Peace Meditation]

* [https://www.sarvodayausa.org/peace_universal.html 1,000,000 for Universal Peace Meditation]

* [http://www.10000kites.org/ 10,000 Kites] - A peace project aimed at Israelis and Palestinians.

* [https://www.10000kites.org/ 10,000 Kites] - A peace project aimed at Israelis and Palestinians.

* [http://www.thepeacealliance.org Campaign for a US Department of Peace]

* [https://www.thepeacealliance.org Campaign for a US Department of Peace]

* [http://www.cultureofpeace.ca Canadian Culture of Peace Program]  

* [https://www.cultureofpeace.ca Canadian Culture of Peace Program]  

* [http://www.cryforpeace.org/ Cry For Peace] - Promoting peace through art and music

* [https://www.cryforpeace.org/ Cry For Peace] - Promoting peace through art and music

* [http://www.indialogue.in Indialogue Foundation]- Intercultural dialogue and peace foundation in [[India]]

* [https://www.indialogue.in Indialogue Foundation]- Intercultural dialogue and peace foundation in [[India]]

* [http://www.kadampa.org/english/centers/temples_for_world_peace.php International Buddhist Temples Project for World Peace]

* [https://www.kadampa.org/english/centers/temples_for_world_peace.php International Buddhist Temples Project for World Peace]

* [http://www.aktion-voelkerrecht.de International Law Campaign] - A Campaign founded by highschool students and now spreading all over the world

* [https://www.aktion-voelkerrecht.de International Law Campaign] - A Campaign founded by highschool students and now spreading all over the world

* [http://www.peoplesinitiativefordepartmentsofpeace.org International People's Initiative for Departments of Peace]

* [https://www.peoplesinitiativefordepartmentsofpeace.org International People's Initiative for Departments of Peace]

* [http://www.peacebuildingportal.org/ Peacebuilding Portal] - Promotes collaboration and consultation among organizations working in conflict prevention and peacebuilding]

* [https://www.peacebuildingportal.org/ Peacebuilding Portal] - Promotes collaboration and consultation among organizations working in conflict prevention and peacebuilding]

* [http://www.boisepeacequilt.org/ Peace Quilt Project] in [[Boise, Idaho]]

* [https://www.boisepeacequilt.org/ Peace Quilt Project] in [[Boise, Idaho]]

*[http://www.peacetents-clarahalter.jerusalem.muni.il Peace Tents Project] - A peace promotion arts project in [[Jerusalem]] (15/25 May 2005)

*[https://www.peacetents-clarahalter.jerusalem.muni.il Peace Tents Project] - A peace promotion arts project in [[Jerusalem]] (15/25 May 2005)

* [http://www3.unesco.org/iycp UNESCO - Culture of Peace]

* [https://www3.unesco.org/iycp UNESCO - Culture of Peace]

* [http://www.USPeaceMemorial.org US Peace Memorial] - Planning a peace memorial in [[Washington, DC]]

* [https://www.USPeaceMemorial.org US Peace Memorial] - Planning a peace memorial in [[Washington, DC]]

* [http://www.globalfamilyday.org Global Family Day] - Global Day of Peace and Sharing on January 1

* [https://www.globalfamilyday.org Global Family Day] - Global Day of Peace and Sharing on January 1

* [http://peaceforge.org PeaceForge] - A wiki project sponsored by major peace organisations

* [https://peaceforge.org PeaceForge] - A wiki project sponsored by major peace organisations

* [http://www.internationalcreedforpeace.co.uk/ International Creed for Peace]

* [https://www.internationalcreedforpeace.co.uk/ International Creed for Peace]

===Information, publications, and links===

===Information, publications, and links===

* [http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/uhj/PWP/pwp-1.html Promise of World Peace] - [[Bahá'í]] statement

* [https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/uhj/PWP/pwp-1.html Promise of World Peace] - [[Bahá'í]] statement

* [http://www.betterworldlinks.org Better World list of links] - thousands of links for peace and justice (ad free)

* [https://www.betterworldlinks.org Better World list of links] - thousands of links for peace and justice (ad free)

* [http://www.insightonconflict.org Online showcase of local peacebuilding projects]

* [https://www.insightonconflict.org Online showcase of local peacebuilding projects]

* [http://www.aforcemorepowerful.org/ aforcemorepowerful , a new kind of game on nonviolence]

* [https://www.aforcemorepowerful.org/ aforcemorepowerful , a new kind of game on nonviolence]

*[http://www.martinauer.net/KINDER/krieg/index.htm The Strange War - Stories for a Culture of Peace] by [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Auer Martin Auer]

*[https://www.martinauer.net/KINDER/krieg/index.htm The Strange War - Stories for a Culture of Peace] by [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Auer Martin Auer]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]