Changes

==Origin==

==Origin==

classical [[Latin]] ''polītus'', past participle of ''polīre'' to smooth, to polish, also as adjective in figurative senses (of people, their [[manners]], or their [[appearance]], or of [[writings]] or [[activities]]) polished, elegant, accomplished, refined, cultivated, courteous

classical [[Latin]] ''polītus'', past participle of ''polīre'' to smooth, to polish, also as adjective in figurative senses (of people, their [[manners]], or their [[appearance]], or of [[writings]] or [[activities]]) polished, elegant, accomplished, refined, cultivated, courteous

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_century 15th Century]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_century 15th Century]

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

:c : marked by a lack of roughness or crudities <polite [[literature]]>  

:c : marked by a lack of roughness or crudities <polite [[literature]]>  

==Description==

==Description==

'''Politeness''' is best [[expressed]] as the [[practical]] application of good [[manners]] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette etiquette]. It is a culturally-defined [[phenomenon]], and therefore what is considered polite in one culture can sometimes be quite rude or simply [[eccentric]] in another cultural context.

'''Politeness''' is best [[expressed]] as the [[practical]] application of good [[manners]] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette etiquette]. It is a culturally-defined [[phenomenon]], and therefore what is considered polite in one culture can sometimes be quite rude or simply [[eccentric]] in another cultural context.

While the goal of politeness is to make all of the parties [[relaxed]] and [[comfortable]] with one another, these culturally-defined [[standards]] at times may be [[manipulated]] to inflict [[shame]] on a designated party.

While the goal of politeness is to make all of the parties [[relaxed]] and [[comfortable]] with one another, these culturally-defined [[standards]] at times may be [[manipulated]] to inflict [[shame]] on a designated party.

The British social anthropologists Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson identified two kinds of politeness, deriving from Erving Goffman's concept of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_(self_image) face]:

The British social anthropologists Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson identified two kinds of politeness, deriving from Erving Goffman's concept of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_(self_image) face]:

*''Negative politeness'': Making a request less infringing, such as "If you don't mind..." or "If it isn't too much trouble..."; [[respect]]s a [[person]]'s right to act freely. In other [[words]], deference. There is a greater use of ''indirect'' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_acts speech acts].

*''Negative politeness'': Making a request less infringing, such as "If you don't mind..." or "If it isn't too much trouble..."; [[respect]]s a [[person]]'s right to act freely. In other [[words]], deference. There is a greater use of ''indirect'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_acts speech acts].

*''Positive politeness'': Seeks to [[establish]] a [[positive]] [[relationship]] between parties; respects a person's need to be liked and [[understood]]. ''Direct'' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_acts speech acts], swearing and flouting Grice's maxims can be considered aspects of positive politeness because:

*''Positive politeness'': Seeks to [[establish]] a [[positive]] [[relationship]] between parties; respects a person's need to be liked and [[understood]]. ''Direct'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_acts speech acts], swearing and flouting Grice's maxims can be considered aspects of positive politeness because:

:1) they show an [[awareness]] that the [[relationship]] is strong enough to cope with what would [[normally]] be considered impolite (in the popular [[understanding]] of the term);

:1) they show an [[awareness]] that the [[relationship]] is strong enough to cope with what would [[normally]] be considered impolite (in the popular [[understanding]] of the term);

:2) they articulate an awareness of the other [[person]]'s [[values]], which fulfills the person's [[desire]] to be [[accepted]].

:2) they articulate an awareness of the other [[person]]'s [[values]], which fulfills the person's [[desire]] to be [[accepted]].

Some [[cultures]] seem to prefer one of these kinds of politeness over the other. In this way politeness is culturally-bound.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politeness]

Some [[cultures]] seem to prefer one of these kinds of politeness over the other. In this way politeness is culturally-bound.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politeness]

[[Category: Sociology]]

[[Category: Sociology]]